Maternal speech to prelingual infants in Japan and the United States: relationships among functions, forms and referents

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Morikawa ◽  
Nancy Shand ◽  
Yorio Kosawa
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Function Form ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Categorical Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Maternal Speech

ABSTRACTMaternal speech to 3-month-old infants was compared for American and Japanese mother-infant dyads. Utterances were analysed at the levels of function, form and referent, and in relation to infant gaze direction. Loglinear categorical analysis revealed that infant gaze affected the intended functions of maternal speech differently for the two cultural groups. Cultural differences were also seen in the nature of function-form, and function-referent relationships. The differences seem to be consistent with culture-characteristic profiles of maternal behaviour towards older infants and children. It is suggested that transmission of culture through maternal speech starts at the earliest stage of infant development.

Martin, John (1893–1985)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Conner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Social Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Martha Graham ◽  
New School ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
American Modern Dance ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Function

One of the first full-time newspaper dance reviewers in the United States, John Martin wrote for The New York Times from 1927 to 1962 and was often referred to as the dean of American dance critics during his 35-year tenure. Martin used his bully pulpit at the Times to launch a discourse within the dance community surrounding the aesthetics of modernism in dance as well as to educate and rally a new audience. In the process he helped to establish dance reviewing as a specialized field of arts reporting and commentary and not just a subgenre of music criticism, as it had been treated before 1927. A vocal defender of the legitimacy of an American modern dance as defined by New York-based practitioners such as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey, Martin was among the first theorists of it, outlining a poetics of its form and function while introducing a new vocabulary. His prolific output includes thousands of essays and reviews for the Times and other periodicals, seven books, and a series of highly influential lectures given at the New School for Social Research, Bennington School of the Dance, and in the latter part of his career at the University of California-Los Angeles.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Function-Form in The Expression of Architectural Creation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Trisno ◽  
Fermanto Lianto
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Function Form ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Concept Of Function ◽  
Single Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

<div>In the Postmodern era there are diverse forms of architecture, which is also related to. structural and material technology that is developing so rapidly. The method used is the analysis of architectural theories to find the relationship between Function‐Form, whether: </div><div>1) The concept of Form follows Function; </div><div>2) The concept of Function follows Form; </div><div>3) The concept of Form and Function runs together. </div><div><br></div><div>The relation between the concept of Function and Form will result in the meaning of the architectural work itself. The conclusion is: in architectural design there is no exact rule whether the Function must follow the Form, or Form must follow the Function, or Function and Form run side by side, but the relationships between Function and Form merge into a single method towards the expression of architectural Form, so that this Function‐Form relationship will be interpreted by the observer towards the expression of the architectural creation itself. The findings in this study are to give architectural designers freedom regarding the relationship between Function‐Form. However, the most important thing from this relationship is that the meaning must be reflected in the expression of the form that corresponds to the relationship to be achieved. The benefit of this research is that architectural students can know more deeply the relationship between the Function‐Form that will be used in the design, and also for architect practitioners in designing the building.</div>

Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo-Pacific? The Fall and Rise of the Quad

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-304
Author(s):  
Frederick Kliem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
Threat Theory

The rise of and increasing assertiveness by China presents a significant structural challenge in the Indo-Pacific region (IPR). In an effort to retain the status quo, a number of states have signed-up to the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP). In support of FOIP, operational mechanisms have emerged—most importantly the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). The United States, Japan, Australia and India have come together in this informal format to exchange views on current security challenges and coordinate their strategic approaches. This article analyses both form and function of Quad and argues that both the diplomatic and military arrangements between Quad members are a direct response to ever-increasing Chinese assertiveness. Alongside a detailed empirical analysis of Quad, this paper addresses the question why Quad 2.0 will thrive although previous attempts at security networks failed. Balance of threat theory will illuminate why informal quasi-alliances vis-à-vis China are going to be the structural new normal for the IPR.

The language of visual representations in the neurosciences — relating past and future

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Stahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

AbstractIn theoretical accounts of the neurosciences, investigative research programs have often been separated into the morphological and physiological tradition. The morphological tradition is seen as describing the structure and form of the external and interior parts of the brain and spinal cord. The physiological tradition is interpreted as a compilation of those approaches which investigate cerebral functions particularly in their dynamic interactions. It must be regarded as an open question, though, whether the distinction between the morphological and physiological tradition in modern clinical and basic neuroscience has now become obsolete with the most recent neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET scans, SPECT, etc. Taken at face value, these new imaging techniques seem to relate, overlap, and even identify the anatomical with the functional substrate, when mapping individual patterns of neural activity across the visually delineated morphological structures. The particular focus of this review article is primarily on the morphological tradition, beginning with German neuroanatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring and leading to recent approaches in the neurohistological work of neuroscience centres in the United States and morphophysiological neuroimaging techniques in Canada. Following some landmark research steps in neuroanatomy detailed in the first section, this article analyzes the changing trajectories to an integrative theory of the brain in its second section. An examination of the relationship between form and function within the material culture of neuroscience in the third and final part, will further reveal an astonishingly heterogeneous investigative and conceptual terrain.

scholarly journals Mantra masyarakat Sasak: Kajian bentuk, fungsi, dan aspek teologi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-253
Author(s):  
Agusman Agusman ◽  
Johan Mahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Function Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Traditional Leaders ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regional Languages ◽  
Self Protection

Mantra dalam sejumlah literatur dan kajian dijelaskan sebagai ucapan atau perkataan yang memiliki fungsi, bentuk dan bisa mendatangkan kekuatan. Fungsinya bisa sebagai pengobatan, pelindung diri, pemikat, dan sebagainya. Bahasa  yang digunakan berbentuk perpaduan antara bahasa daerah dengan kalimat-kalimat islami yang memberikan aspek kesakralan. Namun demikian, terdapat seuatu yang berada di dalam mantra tersebut, yaitu aspek teologi atau pemahaman tentang Tuhan. Pemahaman tentang Tuhan itulah yang sesungguhnya memberikan implikasi terhadap fungsi atau kekuatan mantra tersebut. Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mendeskripsikan aspek teologi dalam bentuk dan fungsi mantra yang terdapat di dalam kebudayaan masyarakat Sasak. Metode yang digunakan ialah kualitatif-etnografi dengan narasumber  2 orang tokoh adat, 2 orang dukun (tukang obat) dan 2 orang pemilik mantra yang diwawancarai untuk memperoleh sejarah serta contoh mantra. Hasil temuan yang diperoleh yaitu mantra ialah ucapan yang memiliki bentuk seperti pantun, teka-teki atau puisi dan berfungsi sebagai pengobatan, pelindung diri, berburu dan sebagainya serta bisa menghadirkan kekuatan. Kekuatan yang bisa didatangkan dari mantra tersebut harus didasarkan kepada kepercayaan tentang kekuasaan Allah SWT. Kepercayaan terhadap kekuasaan Allah SWT itulah yang merujuk kepada aspek teologi masyarakat yang tersusun dalam dimensi kepercayaan terhadap Allah SWT, Rasul, takdir, alam gaib dan janji serta ancaman Allah SWT.                               Mantra in a number of literatures and studies are described as sayings or words that have function, form and can bring power. Its function can be as treatment, self-protection, charm, and so on. The language used is in the form of a blend of regional languages ​​with Islamic sentences that provide a sacred aspect. However, there is something in the mantra, namely the theological aspect or understanding of God. The understanding of God that actually has implications for the function or power of the mantra. Thus, the purpose of this study is to describe the theological aspects in the form and function of mantra contained in the culture of the Sasak people. The method used is qualitative-ethnographic, with 2 traditional leaders, 2 shamans (medicines) and 2 mantra owners being interviewed to obtain the history and examples of mantra. The findings obtained are that mantra are utterances that have forms such as rhymes, riddles or poetry and function as treatment, self-protection, hunting and so on and can bring the power. The power that can be obtained from the mantra must be based on belief in the power of Allah SWT. This belief in the power of Allah SWT refers to the theological aspects of society which are structured in the dimensions of belief in Allah SWT, Rasul, Takdir, the supernatural things and the promises and threats of Allah SWT.

Prevalence, Form, and Function of Consolidated Public Safety Departments in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Wilson ◽  
Clifford A. Grammich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Public Safety Departments

Most communities in the United States provide fire and police services through separate departments, but some operate a single consolidated one for police, fire, and, frequently, emergency medical services. The number of such public safety departments has grown in recent years, but little systematic research has been done on them. This article presents results of a census and subsequent survey of public safety departments in the United States to examine their prevalence, form, and function. It reviews characteristics of their distribution, capabilities and structure, staffing and management, budget, and approach to community policing. It concludes by identifying future research needs.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Function-Form in The Expression of Architectural Creation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Trisno ◽  
Fermanto Lianto
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Function Form ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Concept Of Function ◽  
Single Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

<div>In the Postmodern era there are diverse forms of architecture, which is also related to. structural and material technology that is developing so rapidly. The method used is the analysis of architectural theories to find the relationship between Function‐Form, whether: </div><div>1) The concept of Form follows Function; </div><div>2) The concept of Function follows Form; </div><div>3) The concept of Form and Function runs together. </div><div><br></div><div>The relation between the concept of Function and Form will result in the meaning of the architectural work itself. The conclusion is: in architectural design there is no exact rule whether the Function must follow the Form, or Form must follow the Function, or Function and Form run side by side, but the relationships between Function and Form merge into a single method towards the expression of architectural Form, so that this Function‐Form relationship will be interpreted by the observer towards the expression of the architectural creation itself. The findings in this study are to give architectural designers freedom regarding the relationship between Function‐Form. However, the most important thing from this relationship is that the meaning must be reflected in the expression of the form that corresponds to the relationship to be achieved. The benefit of this research is that architectural students can know more deeply the relationship between the Function‐Form that will be used in the design, and also for architect practitioners in designing the building.</div>

Automated Concept Generation Based on Function-Form Synthesis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Woo Kang ◽  
Conrad S. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Ground Effect ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Function Form ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Current Product ◽  
And Function

This work hypothesizes that enhancing next generation products’ distinctiveness through function-form synthesis results in feasible design concepts for designers. A data mining driven methodology that searches for novel function and form candidates suitable to include in next generation product design is introduced in this work. The methodology employs a topic modeling algorithm to search for functional relationships between the current product design and designs from related/unrelated domains. Combining the current product design and candidate products’ form and function, which is acquired from related/unrelated domains, generates next generation design concepts. These resulting design concepts are not only distinct from their parent designs but are also likely to be implemented in the real world by containing novel functions and form features. A hybrid marine model, which is differentiated from both the current design and candidate products in related/unrelated domains, is introduced in the case study in order to demonstrate the proposed methodology’s potential to develop concepts for novel product domains. By comparing the form and function similarity values between generated design concepts, an existing hybrid marine model (Wing In Ground effect ship: WIG), and source products, this research verifies the feasibility of these design concepts.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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