scholarly journals The Educational Gradient in Health in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 289-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiulin Chen ◽  
Karen Eggleston ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jiaying Zhao ◽  
Sen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Health Interventions ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Average Education ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Educational Gradient

AbstractIt has been well established that better educated individuals enjoy better health and longevity. In theory, the educational gradients in health could be flattening if diminishing returns to improved average education levels and the influence of earlier population health interventions outweigh the gradient-steepening effects of new medical and health technologies. This paper documents how the gradients are evolving in China, a rapidly developing country, about which little is known on this topic. Based on recent mortality data and nationally representative health surveys, we find large and, in some cases, steepening educational gradients. We also find that the gradients vary by cohort, gender and region. Further, we find that the gradients can only partially be accounted for by economic factors. These patterns highlight the double disadvantage of those with low education, and suggest the importance of policy interventions that foster both aspects of human capital for them.

scholarly journals Progress towards the Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality (EPMM) target for Bangladesh: The role of female education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karar Zunaid Ahsan ◽  
Peter Kim Streatfield ◽  
Kanta Jamil ◽  
Shams El Arifeen
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mortality Survey

AbstractEducational attainment among women is a well-recognized predictor for maternal mortality. Data from nationally representative surveys and the United Nations are used in the analysis for estimating maternal mortality due to improved education status up to 2030. Analysis of data from 2001 and 2010 Bangladesh Maternal Mortality Survey shows that MMR varies considerably by education level. The study shows that during 2011–2030, 15% maternal deaths will be averted due to fertility change (i.e. fewer births) and 24% of the maternal deaths can be averted only by improving the female education levels. However, in order to achieve the Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality (EPMM) target of 59 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030 for Bangladesh, a further 64% reduction will be required. Factors outside the health sector, like female education, will continue to have an impact maternal mortality in Bangladesh. However, reaching the EPMM target for Bangladesh by 2030 will also require significant investments in maternal health programs, in particular those to increase access to and quality of services.

PERSEPSI IBU RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI DALAM RAHIM BERDASARKANPENDIDIKAN DAN USIA DI DESA TAUGI KECAMATAN MASAMA KABUPATEN BANGGAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDUL MUIN KENTA
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Village ◽  
Descriptive Method

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the perception of housewives to the use of an intrauterine device (IUD). The method used in this research is descriptive method. Population and sample are housewives who use an IUD in the village Taugi Masama District of Banggai that totaled 15 people. Data collection techniques obtained through a questionnaire to be further analyzed using the percentage calculation. The results showed that the perception of housewives against IUD Based on education and age in the village Taugi generally included in the category enough with the percentage of 44.99%. This shows that the perception of housewives against IUD use by education and age in the village Taugi not been successful in use, due to economic factors and low education levels housewife, reaching 51.99%.Keywords : Perception, intrauterine device

The costs of unpaid care: is there an education gradient in women’s time transfers to their parents?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody K. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
To Receive

Existing research conflicts on whether women with low socio-economic status transfer more or less resources to aging parents. This article uses a US sample of adult women (n = 5,238) from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey that over-samples families of colour. Findings suggest that all education levels are equally likely to transfer any time to parents. However, women with low education are more likely to provide 100 or more hours per year and less likely to receive any time or money from parents. Taken together, women with low education are more likely to have unreciprocated transfers and fewer hours available for non-care work activities.

When do literacy skills begin to decline among Chinese adults?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Qiong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Urban Status ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative

Literacy skills have been used in some studies as a proxy for premorbid intelligence because they are considered relatively resistant to normal aging. This study aims to explore whether there are signs of decline with aging in literacy skills among Chinese adults with average lower levels of education than their Western peers. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey, the study uses two repeated literacy tests administered at four-year intervals to investigate at what age literacy skills begin to decline and the effects of possible risk factors. On average, literacy skills have been shown to decline at age 45 and above among Chinese adults. While gender, education, marital status, income, urban status, and subjective cognitive impairment were all associated with the level of literacy skills at baseline, only gender and education were predictive of change over time. Females declined at a slower rate, and the decline appeared to be statistically significant only for those with low education levels. The use of literacy skills as an indicator of premorbid intelligence may need to be reconsidered for the poorly educated. These findings highlight the greater burden of cognitive aging in China due to average low education levels.

scholarly journals The role of economic, educational and social resources in supporting the use of digital health technologies by people with T2D: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Turnbull ◽  
Patricia J. Lucas ◽  
Alastair D. Hay ◽  
Christie Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Digital Skills ◽  
Care Support

Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic disease, with socially patterned incidence and severity. Digital self-care interventions have the potential to reduce health disparities, by providing personalised low-cost reusable resources that can increase access to health interventions. However, if under-served groups are unable to access or use digital technologies, Digital Health Technologies (DHTs) might make no difference, or worse, exacerbate health inequity. Study aims To gain insights into how and why people with T2D access and use DHTs and how experiences vary between individuals and social groups. Methods A purposive sample of people with experience of using a DHT to help them self-care for T2D were recruited through diabetes and community groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in person and over the phone. Data were analysed thematically. Results A diverse sample of 21 participants were interviewed. Health care practitioners were not viewed as a good source of information about DHTs that could support T2D. Instead participants relied on their digital skills and social networks to learn about what DHTs are available and helpful. The main barriers to accessing and using DHT described by the participants were availability of DHTs from the NHS, cost and technical proficiency. However, some participants described how they were able to draw on social resources such as their social networks and social status to overcome these barriers. Participants were motivated to use DHTs because they provided self-care support, a feeling of control over T2D, and personalised advice or feedback. The selection of technology was also guided by participants’ preferences and what they valued in relation to DHTs and self-care support, and these in turn were influenced by age and gender. Conclusion This research indicates that low levels of digital skills and high cost of digital health interventions can create barriers to the access and use of DHTs to support the self-care of T2D. However, social networks and social status can be leveraged to overcome some of these challenges. If digital interventions are to decrease rather than exacerbate health inequalities, these barriers and facilitators to access and use must be considered when DHTs are developed and implemented.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Social Inequality in Experiences of Domestic Abuse Among Mothers of Young Children: A Study Using National Survey Data from Scotland

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052098039
Author(s):  
Valeria Skafida ◽  
Fiona Morrison ◽  
John Devaney
Keyword(s):  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Coercive Control ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Study Child ◽  
Nationally Representative

Domestic abuse is a pernicious societal issue that has both short- and long-term consequences for those who are victimized. Research points to motherhood being linked to women’s victimization, with pregnancy being a particular point of risk. Across UK jurisdictions, new legislation aims to extend the criminalization of domestic abuse to include coercive control. Less clear is the relationship between mothers’ victimization of different “types” of abuse and other factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and level of education. The article makes an original contribution to knowledge by addressing these limitations of the existing literature. Using nationally representative data from a Scottish longitudinal survey ( N = 3,633) into children’s development this article investigates the social stratification of mothers’ exposure to different types of abuse, including coercive control, physical abuse, and threats. Overall, 14% of mothers report experiencing any type of domestic abuse since the birth of the study child (age 6), of which 7% experienced physical abuse. Compared to mothers in the highest income households, mothers in the lowest income quintile were far more likely to experience any form of abuse (Logistic Regression, OR = 3.55), more likely to have experienced more types of abuse and to have experienced these more often ( OR = 5.54). Age had a protective effect, with mothers aged 20 or younger at most risk of abuse ( OR = 2.60 compared to mothers aged 40+). Interaction effects between age and income suggested that an intersectional lens may help explain the cumulative layers of difficulty which young mothers on low incomes may find themselves in when it comes to abusive partners. The pattern of social stratification remained the same when comparing different types of abuse. Mothers of boys were more likely to experience abuse, and to experience more types of abuse, more often. We reflect on how these findings could inform existing policy interventions.

Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Twenge ◽  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Gabrielle N. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
New Media ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Jones Index ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Nationally Representative

In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 ( N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females. Adolescents who spent more time on new media (including social media and electronic devices such as smartphones) were more likely to report mental health issues, and adolescents who spent more time on nonscreen activities (in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, print media, and attending religious services) were less likely. Since 2010, iGen adolescents have spent more time on new media screen activities and less time on nonscreen activities, which may account for the increases in depression and suicide. In contrast, cyclical economic factors such as unemployment and the Dow Jones Index were not linked to depressive symptoms or suicide rates when matched by year.

scholarly journals Cohort profile : Bandim Health Project’s (BHP) rural Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS)—a nationally representative HDSS in Guinea-Bissau

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e028775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Marie Thysen ◽  
Manuel Fernandes ◽  
Christine Stabell Benn ◽  
Peter Aaby ◽  
Ane Bærent Fisker
Keyword(s):  
Rural Health ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Set Up

PurposeBandim Health Project (BHP) monitors health and survival of women and children in a nationally representative rural Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Guinea-Bissau. The HDSS was set up in 1989–1990 to collect data on health interventions and child mortality.ParticipantsThe HDSS covers 182 randomly selected clusters across the whole country. The cohort is open, and women and children enter the cohort, when they move into the selected clusters, and leave the cohort, when they move out or die, or when children reach 5 years of age. Data are collected through biannual or more frequent household visits. At all village visits, information on pregnancies, vital status, vaccination status, arm circumference, use of bed nets and other basic information is collected for women and children. Today, more than 25 000 women and 23 000 children below the age of 5 years are under surveillance.Findings to dateResearch from the BHP has given rise to the hypothesis that vaccines, in addition to their targeted effects, have important non-specific effects altering the susceptibility to other infections. Initially, it was observed that mortality among children vaccinated with the live BCG or measles vaccines was much lower than the mortality among unvaccinated children, a difference, which could not be explained by prevention of tuberculosis and measles infections. In contrast, mortality tended to be higher for children who had received the non-live Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine compared with children who had not received this vaccine. Since the effect differed for the different vaccines, no bias explained the contrasting findings.Future plansNew health interventions are introduced with little assessment of real-life effects. Through the HDSS, we can describe both the implementation of interventions (eg, the vaccination programme) and their effects. Furthermore, the intensive follow-up allows the implementation of randomised trials testing potential better vaccination programmes.

scholarly journals An Opinion Evolution Model Based on Heterogeneous Benefit with Malicious Nodes Added

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Junwei Zhao ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Willingness To Communicate ◽  
Malicious Node ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Node Spreading ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Average Education ◽  
Different Levels

Individuals with different levels of education have substantial differences in their willingness to communicate with malicious nodes in a group; thus, the results of evolution of opinions tend to differ significantly. In this study, malicious nodes, driven by the benefits of a game, were added to groups of individuals with different levels of education, and a theoretical model of the game theory of group opinions that introduces malicious nodes was established. The influence of the proportion of malicious node spreading messages, the extent of tampering when malicious nodes spread messages, and the distribution of education levels in the group on the evolution of group opinions were considered. It was found that the rate of evolution of group opinions declined in groups with higher average education levels. The results of this study can be used to explain the phenomenon of fewer knowledge exchange behaviors in communities with high education levels, as is found in actual sociology. The reason is that highly educated individuals are more affected by distorted news when communicating. Therefore, the loss of communication with malicious nodes is greater, resulting in lower vigilance and willingness to communicate.

scholarly journals Predictors of Perceived Salt Intake and Actual Salt Intake in Romania. Implications for public policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 3622-3626
Author(s):  
Corina Ilinca ◽  
Marian Preda ◽  
Stefania Matei ◽  
Stephen J. Cutler ◽  
Oana Tautu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Major Discrepancy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender

Salt intake is one of the important predictors of hypertension, a widespread chronic disease among adults. Much remains to be known about its causes, especially in the Romanian context, where there is a scarcity of analyses on this particular topic. Its predictors are relevant for public policy in order to evaluate what strategy should be adopted given actual levels of salt intake and the way people think about their levels of salt intake. Our analyses focus on actual and perceived salt intake. Data for this analysis come from the SEPHAR project, gathered in 2016 (wave 3), a nationally representative sample of Romanians. After noting a major discrepancy between perceived and actual levels of salt intake, we used two regressions with actual and perceived salt intake as dependent variables and three types of factors as independent variables: socio-demographic (age, gender, region, type of locality, education), lifestyle (fat diet, alcohol consumption, active lifestyle, and smoking) and related diseases (obesity and diabetes). Results show Romanians have similar levels of salt intake perceptions independently of the characteristics considered, except fat diet and diabetes, and similar levels of actual salt intake except age and gender, even though previous research shows that there are differences between individuals across these characteristics when it comes to considering hypertension as a dependent variable. We conclude by noting policy interventions regarding salt intake based on the results of this research, especially the need to update the current Romanian TV campaign to reduce salt intake or similar campaigns from other countries.

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