The costs of unpaid care: is there an education gradient in women’s time transfers to their parents?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody K. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
To Receive

Existing research conflicts on whether women with low socio-economic status transfer more or less resources to aging parents. This article uses a US sample of adult women (n = 5,238) from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey that over-samples families of colour. Findings suggest that all education levels are equally likely to transfer any time to parents. However, women with low education are more likely to provide 100 or more hours per year and less likely to receive any time or money from parents. Taken together, women with low education are more likely to have unreciprocated transfers and fewer hours available for non-care work activities.

scholarly journals Charting the functional form of working memory in two nationally representative samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammy F. Ahmed ◽  
Alexa Ellis ◽  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Natasha Chaku ◽  
Pamela Davis-Kean
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Span Tasks ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends

We leveraged nationally representative data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (N = 3,562) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (N = 18,174), to chart the functional form of working memory (WM) from 3 to 19 years of age. Results from this preregistered study (https://osf.io/4pvwk) revealed non-linear growth patterns for both forward and backward digit span tasks, with the most rapid growth occurring during early childhood and early adolescence. We also found that males and females develop WM at similar rates across the U.S. population. Together, this study highlights the relative importance of the early childhood and early adolescent periods for WM development. These benchmarks of normative WM development can also provide researchers with a reference against which to compare the developmental changes of WM in individual studies and allow clinicians and educators to track individual progress and evaluate educational programs using national trends of WM development.

To Whom Do Housing Policies Provide Stable Housing? Examining Housing Assistance Recipients and Leavers

2020 ◽  
pp. 107808742090620
Author(s):  
Seungbeom Kang
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Subsidized Housing ◽  
Housing Instability ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Housing Choice ◽  
Housing Assistance ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Stable Housing ◽  
To Receive

By analyzing the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data combined with the Assisted Housing Database, this study explores the associations between the five statuses related to receiving or leaving from a certain type of housing assistance and the subsequent housing instability experience. These statuses include households that (1) reside in a public or project-based subsidized housing (PH) unit, (2) leave a PH unit, (3) receive a Housing Choice Voucher (HCV), (4) withdraw from the HCV program, and (5) are unsubsidized but income-eligible to receive housing assistance. The results reveal that, although all subsidized households tend to experience less housing instability than do income-eligible, unsubsidized households, HCV recipients are relatively more likely to experience housing instability than are PH residents. In addition, the likelihood of experiencing housing instability among PH and HCV leavers does not differ significantly from the likelihood among the unsubsidized households, suggesting that they may leave their programs prematurely.

scholarly journals Predictors of Optimal Antenatal Care Service Utilization Among Adolescents and Adult Women in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 233339281878172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nausad Ali ◽  
Marufa Sultana ◽  
Nurnabi Sheikh ◽  
Raisul Akram ◽  
Rashidul Alam Mahumud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Adolescent Women ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
To Receive

Introduction: Utilization of recommended antenatal care (ANC) throughout the pregnancy period is a proven healthy behavior in reducing maternal mortalities and morbidities. The objective of this study is to identify the demand side factors that are associated with the recommended utilization of ANC services among adolescents and adult women in Bangladesh. Method: This study utilized cross-sectional data from latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Data of a total of 4626 adolescents and adult women were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed for identifying the significant determining factors associated with the ANC services utilization. Results: Approximately, 32% adult and 30% adolescent women utilized the recommended ANC care. The higher educated adolescents and adult women were 8.08 times ( P < .001) and 2.98 times ( P < .001) more likely to receive 4 or more ANC, respectively, compared to uneducated women. The richest quintile showed higher tendency to utilize optimum ANC services and had 2.70 times ( P < .05) and 6.51 times ( P < .001) more likelihood to receive optimal ANC services for adolescent and adult groups, respectively, compared to poorest quintile. Conclusion: Other than education and income, several other factors including mass -media, place of residence, working status, and geographical variations were significantly associated with recommended ANC. These findings might help health-care programmers and policy makers for initiating appropriate policy and programs for ensuring optimal ANC coverage for all. Ensuring adequate ANC regardless of economic status and residence of pregnant women could guarantee universal maternal health-care coverage as devoted to a national strategic guideline.

scholarly journals Data Watch: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Brown ◽  
Greg J Duncan ◽  
Frank P Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Family Behavior

By collecting annual economic and demographic information from a large and representative sample of U.S. households for over a quarter century, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics has compiled a remarkably useful set of microdata. This article describes the PSID and how its unique longitudinal and, in some cases, intergenerational features have been used for studies of intertemporal models of labor supply; wages, employment, and job tenure; consumption; poverty dynamics; extended-family behavior; and the intergenerational transmission of economic status.

scholarly journals The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Hispanic White

The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease.

scholarly journals The Educational Gradient in Health in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 289-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiulin Chen ◽  
Karen Eggleston ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jiaying Zhao ◽  
Sen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Health Interventions ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Average Education ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Educational Gradient

AbstractIt has been well established that better educated individuals enjoy better health and longevity. In theory, the educational gradients in health could be flattening if diminishing returns to improved average education levels and the influence of earlier population health interventions outweigh the gradient-steepening effects of new medical and health technologies. This paper documents how the gradients are evolving in China, a rapidly developing country, about which little is known on this topic. Based on recent mortality data and nationally representative health surveys, we find large and, in some cases, steepening educational gradients. We also find that the gradients vary by cohort, gender and region. Further, we find that the gradients can only partially be accounted for by economic factors. These patterns highlight the double disadvantage of those with low education, and suggest the importance of policy interventions that foster both aspects of human capital for them.

Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junia Howell ◽  
James R Elliott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract This study investigates a largely ignored contributor to wealth inequality in the United States: damages from natural hazards, which are expected to increase substantially in coming years. Instead of targeting a specific large-scale disaster and assessing how different subpopulations recover, we begin with a nationally representative sample of respondents from the restricted, geocoded Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We follow them through time (1999–2013) as hazard damages of varying scales accrue in the counties where they live. This design synthesizes the longitudinal, population-centered approach common in stratification research with a broad hazard-centered focus that extends beyond disasters to integrate ongoing environmental dynamics more centrally into the production of social inequality. Results indicate that as local hazard damages increase, so does wealth inequality, especially along lines of race, education, and homeownership. At any given level of local damage, the more aid an area receives from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the more this inequality grows. These findings suggest that two defining social problems of our day – wealth inequality and rising natural hazard damages – are dynamically linked, requiring new lines of research and policy making in the future.

scholarly journals Malnutrition in all its forms by wealth, education and ethnicity in Latin America: who are more affected?

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. s1-s12
Author(s):  
Carolina Batis ◽  
Mónica Mazariegos ◽  
Reynaldo Martorell ◽  
Angel Gil ◽  
Juan A Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Adolescent Women ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractObjective:To summarise the findings from this supplemental issue on the distribution of malnutrition (stunting/short stature, anaemia and overweight) by wealth, education and ethnicity within and between ten Latin American countries.Design:We retrieved information from each country’s article and estimated the average difference in the prevalence of malnutrition between groups. We estimated the associations between countries’ malnutrition prevalence and GDP, percentage of women with high education and percentage of non-indigenous ethnicity.Setting:Nationally representative surveys from ten Latin American countries conducted between 2005 and 2017.Participants:Children (<5 years), adolescent women (11–19 years) and adult women (20–49 years).Results:Socially disadvantaged groups (low wealth, low education and indigenous ethnicity) had on average 15–21 (range across indicators and age groups) percentage points (pp) higher prevalence of stunting/short stature and 3–11 pp higher prevalence of anaemia. For overweight or obesity, adult women with low education had a 17 pp higher prevalence; differences were small among children <5 years, and results varied by country for adolescents by education, and for adults and adolescents by wealth and ethnicity. A moderate and strong correlation (–0·58 and –0·71) was only found between stunting/short stature prevalence and countries’ GDP per capita and percentage of non-indigenous households.Conclusions:Overweight was equally distributed among children; findings were mixed for ethnicity and wealth, whereas education was a protective factor among adult women. There is an urgent need to address the deep inequalities in undernutrition and prevent the emerging inequalities in excess weight from developing further.

scholarly journals Lifetime Disadvantages after Childhood Adversity: Health Problems Limiting Work and Shorter Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

We examine how childhood adversity relates to work disability and life expectancy, using 1999 to 2015 data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We estimate the probabilities of work disability and death, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education in a nationally representative sample of African American, Hispanic, and white women and men. We find that people in all these groups who experienced high-adversity childhoods (individuals with four or more of six adversity indicators) had significantly more work disability and shorter lives than those who experienced no adversity. These findings provide evidence that childhood adversity is associated with substantial disability and a reduction in life expectancy of at least a decade. Childhood adversity was generally associated with more lost years of life for men than for women, and more disability for women than for men. The results are robust, even when controlling for diabetes, heart disease, depression, obesity, and sedentary behavior.

scholarly journals An Experimental Evaluation of an Online Interview Scheduler: Effects on Fieldwork Outcomes1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Mcgonagle ◽  
Narayan Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Transition Into Adulthood ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract In recent years, household surveys have expended significant effort to counter well-documented increases in direct refusals and greater difficulty contacting survey respondents. A substantial amount of fieldwork effort in panel surveys using telephone interviewing is devoted to the task of contacting the respondent to schedule the day and time of the interview. Higher fieldwork effort leads to greater costs and is associated with lower response rates. A new approach was experimentally evaluated in the 2017 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS) that allowed a randomly selected subset of respondents to choose their own day and time of their telephone interview through the use of an online appointment scheduler. TAS is a nationally representative study of US young adults aged 18–28 years embedded within the worlds’ longest running panel study, the PSID. This paper experimentally evaluates the effect of offering the online appointment scheduler on fieldwork outcomes, including number of interviewer contact attempts and interview sessions, number of days to complete the interview, and response rates. We describe panel study members’ characteristics associated with uptake of the online scheduler and examine differences in the effectiveness of the treatment across subgroups. Finally, potential cost-savings of fieldwork effort due to the online appointment scheduler are evaluated.

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