The Effect of Cobalt Deficiency in the Pregnant Ewe on Lamb Viability

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 27-27
Author(s):  
G.E.J. Fisher ◽  
A. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Turbidity Test ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of sub-clinical cobalt deficiency in pregnant hill sheep, on lamb viability. This form of the deficiency is not characterised by clinical symptoms. The disease is therefore difficult to detect, and may be of economic importance to farms on land of marginal cobalt status.In each of two trials, both with sixty Scottish Blackface x Swaledale ewes, animals were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: A. Cobalt-deficient intake throughout pregnancy; B. Initially cobalt-sufficient intake, but deficient from mid-pregnancy (Trial 1) or initially cobalt-deficient intake, but repleted from mid-term (Trial 2); C. Cobalt-sufficient intake throughout pregnancy. A cobalt-deficient ration (<0.06 mg Co/kg DM) of Timothy hay, micronised maize and maize gluten, was fed from tupping in Trial 1, and from two months before tupping in Trial 2. Treated animals received a weekly oral dose of 0.7 mg Co/head.Vitamin B12 (microbiological and radio-immuno assays) and methylmalonic acid (capillary gas chromatography) were analysed in ewe and lamb sera, as indicators of cobalt status. Levels of passively acquired immunity were measured by analysis of lamb sera, sampled at two and four weeks post-partum, for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT).

Effects of cobalt deficiency in the pregnant ewe on neonatal lamb survival

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 169-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. J. Fisher ◽  
A. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Acid Status ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Skimmed Milk Powder

It has been suggested (Mills, 1981) that there was a lack of research on the effects of cobalt (Co) deficiency on the reproductive performance of sheep. Duncan, Morrison and Garton (1981) reported that clinically Co-deficient ewes produced fewer lambs with a higher incidence of stillbirths and neonatal mortalities than Co-sufficient animals. Garton, Duncan and Fell (1981) related these findings to the vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid status of dams. However, their investigations used few animals and were therefore inconclusive. The objectives of this work were to investigate the effects of subclinical Co deficiency in pregnant hill sheep on reproductive performance and neonatal lamb viability.Experiment 1 (1985/86) comprised 60 Scottish Blackface × Swaledale ewes, while experiment 2 (1986/87) included 30 of these animals plus 30 pure Scottish Blackface sheep. In both experiments the ewes were housed and bedded on sawdust and a Co-deficient diet of timothy hay, micronized maize, maize gluten, dibasic calcium phosphate and sodium chloride was offered. Skimmed milk powder was introduced to the diet during lactation. The Co content of the diet was 0.06 mg Co per kg dry matter.

scholarly journals Effects of cobalt deficiency in pregnant and post-parturient ewes and their lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. H. Duncan ◽  
E. Rona Morrison ◽  
G. A. Garton
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

1. Two groups of ewes were fed on a cobalt-deficient diet throughout pregnancy; one group (group A) was given the diet from the beginning of pregnancy, whilst the other (group B) received the diet for 16 weeks before mating. The ewes in group A continued to receive the diet for 12 weeks post-partum.2. The vitamin B12 content of serum was estimated on three occasions before parturition and, for group A ewes, at 12 weeks post partum. Urinary concentration of methylmalonic acid was also determined at intervals before the lambs were born.3. Serum values for vitamin B12 indicated that the ewes in both groups were depleted of the vitamin, though those in group B were more severely affected, as was evidenced by the high incidence of perinatal mortality among the lambs born to these ewes. Perinatal mortality appeared to be associated with abnormally-high values for urinary concentration of methylmalonic acid.4. Analysis of liver lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols of some of the vitamin B12-deprived lambs which died before, or within 1 d of, birth showed that, compared with the corresponding tissues of control lambs, these lipids contained unusually high proportions of odd-numbered fatty acids (mostly 15:0, 17:0 and 19:0). This observation is discussed in relation to the likelihood that, in vitmain B12-deprived lambs, propionate becomes available as a primer unit for fatty acid synthesis when the metabolism of its carboxylation product, methylmalonic acid, is impaired due to partlal lack of a vitamin B12-containing enzyme system.

Serum Vitamin B12 Concentrations among Mothers and Newborns and Follow-up Study to Assess Implication on the Growth Velocity and the Urinary Methylmalonic Acid Excretion

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (56) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Hussein ◽  
Sahar Abdel Aziz ◽  
Salwa Tapouzada ◽  
Boehles
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Metabolic Marker ◽  
Biochemical Measurement

Objective:Cobalamin (B12) deficiency has been reported in infants born to mothers with low cobalamin intake. Early diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency in infants is critical for the prevention of neurobehavioral disorders. We investigated the relationship between serum vitamin B12 level in newborns and in their healthy mothers who consumed an omnivorous diet. Anthropometry was studied longitudinally to assess the growth velocity of the infants. Urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion of 6-month old infants was compared retrospectively as the biomarker correlated with the initial serum vitamin B12 concentrations. Methods: Serum cobalamin and blood hemoglobin were determined in 84 pairs of newborns and their mothers. Urinary MMA excretion was measured in the same subjects during the first 6 months of the post partum period. Results: At birth, median serum cobalamin levels were 152.0 pmol/L in the mothers and 296.6 pmol/L in the newborns. Maternal and neonatal serum cobalamin levels had no effect on growth velocity during the first six months of postnatal life. Serum maternal and neonatal cobalamin levels were inversely associated with urinary MMA excretion. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of vitamin B12 status in neonates and infants is crucial, particularly in nutritionally deprived areas. Biochemical measurement of plasma cobalamin or its metabolic marker MMA is highly recommended. Urinary MMA measurement in cobalamin diagnostics provides an advantage in that blood sampling is not required. A vitamin B12 taskforce should be created to alleviate vitamin deficiency and its negative consequences.

scholarly journals Methylmalonic acid in the diagnosis of cobalt deficiency in barley-fed lambs

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P.M. O'Harte ◽  
D. G. Kennedy ◽  
W. J. Blanchflower ◽  
D. A. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Eight lambs were fed on a cobalt-deficient whole-barley diet supplemented with urea, vitamins and minerals. Four control lambs were fed on the same diet which had been further supplemented with Co. Plasma vitamin B12 levels in the Co-depleted group declined rapidly, falling below the normal range within 5 weeks. Differences between the live weights of the animals in the two groups approached statistical significance by week 14. However, methylmalonic acid (MMA) rose above normal levels in the Co-depleted group within 7 weeks. This suggested that an elevated plasma concentration of MMA is a comparatively early indicator of functional vitamin B12 deficiency. It is recommended that 10 μmol/l be the upper level of normality for plasma MMA concentration in barley-fed animals, in contrast with the level of 5 μmol/l for grass-fed animals. Changes in the plasma concentrations of MMA and ethylmalonic acid associated with feeding the barley-based diet per se did not significantly affect the validity of the gas-liquid chromatographic assay for MMA.

scholarly journals Plasma and Red Cell Reference Intervals of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate of Healthy Adults in Whom Biochemical Functional Deficiencies of Folate and Vitamin B12Had Been Excluded

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Sobczyńska-Malefora ◽  
Dominic J. Harrington ◽  
Kieran Voong ◽  
Martin J. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plasma Measurements ◽  
Functional Deficiency

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is the predominant form of folate and a strong determinant of homocysteine concentrations. There is evidence that suboptimal 5-MTHF availability is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of homocysteine. The analysis of folates remains challenging and is almost exclusively limited to the reporting of “total” folate rather than individual molecular forms. The purpose of this study was to establish the reference intervals of 5-MTHF in plasma and red cells of healthy adults who had been prescreened to exclude biochemical evidence of functional deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12. Functional folate and vitamin B12status was assessed by respective plasma measurements of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in 144 healthy volunteers, aged 19–64 years. After the exclusion of 10 individuals, values for 134 subjects were used to establish the upper reference limits for homocysteine (13 μmol/L females and 15 μmol/L males) and methylmalonic acid (430 nmol/L). Subjects with values below these cutoffs were designated as folate and vitamin B12replete and their plasma and red cell 5-MTHF reference intervals determined,N=126: 6.6–39.9 nmol/L and 223–1041 nmol/L, respectively. The application of these intervals will assist in the evaluation of folate status and facilitate studies to evaluate the relationship of 5-MTHF to disease.

Acquired clinical immunity to malaria in non-human primates co-infected with Schistosoma and Plasmodium parasites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth K. Nyakundi ◽  
Jann Hau ◽  
Paul Ogongo ◽  
Onkoba Nyamongo ◽  
Maamum Jeneby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Long Term Impact

Background. Naturally acquired immunity to malaria develops over several years and can be compromised by concomitant infections. This study explored the influence of chronic schistosomiasis on clinical outcome and immunity to repeated malaria infection. Methods. Two groups of baboons (n=8 each), were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae to establish chronic infections. One of the two groups was treated with Praziquantel to eliminate schistosome infection. The two groups plus a new malaria control group (n=8), were inoculated three times with Plasmodium knowlesi parasites at one-month intervals. Clinical data, IgG, IgG1, memory T-cells and monocyte levels were recorded. Results. We observed after three P. knowlesi infections; i) reduced clinical symptoms in all groups with each subsequent infection, ii) increase IgG and IgG1in the malaria control (Pk-only) group iii) increased IgG and IgG1, CD14 + and CD14 - CD16 + in the Schistosoma treated (Schisto/PZQ+Pk) group and iv) significantly lower IgG and IgG1 levels compared to Pk-only, reduced CD4 + CD45RO + and increased CD14 - CD16 + cells in the co-infected (Schisto+Pk) group. Conclusion. Chronic S. mansoni does not compromise establishment of clinical immunity after multiple malaria infections with non-classical monocytes seeming to play a role. Failure to develop robust antibody and memory T-cells may have a long-term impact on acquired immunity to malaria infection.

One-generation reproduction toxicity study of Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) and lead acetate

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Várnagy ◽  
P. Budai ◽  
E. Molnár ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Dose Levels

The reproductive toxicity of lead acetate and of a fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) containing 80% mancozeb was studied on rats. Lead acetate was applied in the feed in the following dose groups: control, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg of diet. The three treatment groups received, in addition to the above doses of lead acetate, 4,500 mg/kg Dithane M-45 in the diet. The method was based on the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 415 (1981). Clinical symptoms and mortality were not found in the parent generation. The body weight of female animals decreased significantly before the pregnancy period. This tendency was also seen in males after the combination treatment. At the two high dose levels a remarkable body weight increase was seen in the female animals during the lactation period. As a result of treatment, decreased body weight of offspring was measured during the lactation period. No gross pathological changes were seen. Histological examination showed general tubulonephrosis in the experimental animals. It can be established that the administration of Dithane M-45 did not enhance the reproductive toxicity of lead acetate.

scholarly journals Effects of Spondias mombin l. On milk composition of lactating West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
M. A. Oguike ◽  
M. E. Udeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
West African ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
And Performance

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of Spondias mombin on milk composition using milk from twelve lactating West African dwarf (WAD) ewes. The lactating ewes were assigned to two treatment groups of six ewes per group, designated T1 and T2 representing control and trial group, respectively The ewes in T2, the trial group were fed Spondias mombin L. post partum while those in T1 the control were not fed Spondias mombin. Colostrum samples were collected from each ewe the first four days following parturition while normal milk was sampled for analysis after two weeks of lambing through 12 weeks of lactation. The constituents studied were lactose, milk protein, butterfat, ash, total solids and solid non-fat. Results showed that the colostrums of ewes fed S. mombin had significantly higher (P<0.05) total solids, and solids not fat contents of 18.34 and 11.31% respectively, than those of the control ewes which were 17.32 and 10.35%, respectively. The other constituents of colostrums of the different groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). At week 2 of lactation, lactose (3.98%) and ash (0.98%) concentrations of normal milk of treated ewes were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the control ewes for lactose (3.74%) and ash (0.65%). Also by the 12th week of lactation, ash contents of the two treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) with T2 having higher value. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the normal milk compositions of both groups in weeks 4, 6, 8 and 10. These results suggest that feeding S. mombin to lactating ewes could be useful in improving on the milk composition of WAD ewes and has no adverse effects on their general health and performance.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RED SESBANIA (SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA L.PERS) LEAVES EXTRACT ADMINISTRATION ON THE DECREASE OF LEUKOCYTE LEVEL IN POST-PARTUM MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) INFECTED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
HEPPY RINA MARDIANA ◽  
Surya Mustika Sari ◽  
YUFI ARIS LESTARI ◽  
ANIK SUPRIANI ◽  
NANIK NUR ROSYIDAH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Mortality Rate ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Infection Incidence

Introduction: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is indicator of public health degree. The cause of maternal mortality is postpartum infection. Streptococcus agalactiae bacterium contributes to postpartum infection incidence through vaginal or reproductive organ injury. Infection incidence is characterized with the increased level of leukocyte. The treatment of post-partum infection is done by administering antibiotics. Red sesbania leaves contains active substance that can inhibit the microbial growth. Objective: This research aimed to find out the effect of red sesbania leaves extract administration as antimicrobial agent to decrease leukocyte level in post partum mice (Mus musculus) infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Method: The method employed was true experimental one with post test control group design, by dividing postpartum mice into 4 groups: one control group and three treatment groups at doses of 125 mg/kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW, and 500 mg/kgBW. All 0-12 hour post partum mice were inoculated with Streptococcus agalactiae bacterium. The administration of 1 ml red sesbania leaves extract in treatment group was conducted 2 hours after the bacterial administration at doses of 125 mg/kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW, and 500 mg/kgBW. Result: The result of analysis shows p < 0.05, indicating that the decrease of leukocyte level in all treatment groups (P1, P2, P3). Conclusion: Red sesbania leaves extract has antimicrobial activity that can reduce leukocyte level, thereby can be used as an alternative therapy to decrease maternal mortality rate due to post-partum infectin. KEYWORDS Red sesbania leaves extract, postpartum mice, leukocyte level, Streptococcus agalactiae.

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