Characterisation of nitrogen fractions during ensilage of fresh and additive treated ryegrass

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
A P Williams ◽  
J E Cockbum ◽  
J K S Tweed
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
End Products ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

The conservation of herbage as silages results in a reduction in the nutritive value of the crop as a result of extensive proteolysis. Measurement of the major end products of proteolysis such as ammonia and amino acids has been studied extensively e.g. Oshima el al. (1979). Considerably less attention has been given to the fate of plant proteins during ensilage (Fairbairn et al., 1988). Since this may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in proteolysis and thus to improvement in its control the present study was designed to follow changes in the major nitrogenous constituents, particularly proteins and peptides, through time course sampling of silages made from perennial ryegrass with and without additives.Perennial ryegrass (23% dry matter) was ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg fresh matter), either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (FA) (ADD-F, BP Chemicals, UK: 3.3 l/tonne) or a cellulase enzyme preparation (E) (FSO-1), Forum Feeds, Finland; 0.22 1/tonne).

scholarly journals The yield and quality of broccoli grown under flat covers with soil mulching

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kosterna
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Rye Straw

The experiment was carried out between 2010 and 2012. Effect of plants covering and the kind of organic mulch applied to soil mulching on the yield and selected component of nutritive value in Milady F<sub>1</sub> broccoli cultivated for early harvest was investigated. The application of polypropylene fibre contributed to a significant increase in the marketable yield of broccoli on average by 5.25 t/ha, weight of head by 0.10 kg and length of arc by 1.44 cm. Increase of the content of chemical components as a result of plants covering amounted to 1.76% for dry matter,&nbsp;2.50 mg/100 g fresh matter (FM) for ascorbic acid, 0.65% FM for total sugar and 0.15% FM for monosaccharides. All kinds of straw contributed to an increase in the broccoli yield and improvement its parameters. The highest marketable yield and weight of head was obtained in the plots mulched with buckwheat straw. Irrespective of covering, cultivation on the mulch with buckwheat straw contributed to a slight decrease in dry matter, total sugars content, whereas cultivation on the rye straw decreased ascorbic acid content.

scholarly journals Dry matter yield, nutritive value and tiller density of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards under grazing

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Hendriks ◽  
D.J. Donaghy ◽  
C. Matthew ◽  
M.R. Bretherton ◽  
N.W. Sneddon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tiller Density

Alternative pasture species with the potential to supply quality forage during summer feed shortages, such as tall fescue (TF), are of interest to dairy farmers. A paddockscale study was undertaken to compare performance of TF managed on a shorter rotation similar to perennial ryegrass (RG) (TF-RG) with TF managed on a longer rotation more consistent with its morphology of 4 live leaves/tiller (TF-TF), and with RG (RG-RG). Accumulated dry matter (DM) yields were similar for the three treatments. Patch grazing was observed during the first spring, with more long patches in TFTF than in either TF-RG or RG-RG. Sown-species leaf area index (LAI) was greater in TF-TF compared with TF-RG and RG-RG (2.25, 1.56 and 0.90, respectively; P

scholarly journals A review of the use of chicory, plantain, red clover and white clover in a sward mix for increased sheep and beef production

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Cranston ◽  
P.R. Kenyon ◽  
S.T. Morris ◽  
P.D. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Clover Pasture

Many farmers are sowing mixed swards containing chicory (Cichorium intybus), plantain (Plantago lanceolata), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (T. repens) (hereafter termed herb and clover mix). This herb and clover mix has comparable annual dry matter (DM) production to perennial ryegrass white clover pasture (rye/wc), however, it has a different pattern of growth, producing more DM during summer and autumn. The herb and clover mix also has a higher nutritive value and is able to support greater rates of animal production, especially over summer, than rye/ wc in both sheep and cattle. The herb and clover mix is most suited to a rotational grazing interval of 3-4 weeks to an 8 cm residual height, with no winter grazing. When managed appropriately the herb and clover mix is able to persist for at least 2 years and up to 5 years under both sheep and cattle grazing. Keywords: Cichorium intybus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, legume, perennial, nutritive value.

Efficiency of Indirect Selection for Dry Matter Yield Based on Fresh Matter Yield in Perennial Ryegrass Sward Plots

Crop Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Conaghan ◽  
Michael D. Casler ◽  
Pádraig O'Kiely ◽  
Leslie J. Dowley
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Microbial additives affect silage quality and ruminal dry matter degradability of avocado (Persia Americana) pulp silage

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1007
Author(s):  
B.D. Nkosi ◽  
R Meeske ◽  
M.C. Muya ◽  
T Langa ◽  
R.S. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Microbial Inoculation ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Soluble Fractions

This study evaluated effects of microbial inoculation on fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal dry matter (DM) degradation of silage produced from Avocado (Persia Americana) pulp (AP). The AP, 800 g/kg fresh matter (FM) was mixed with 150 g grape pumice (GP)/kg FM and 50 g sugarcane molasses/kg FM. The mixture was treated with 1) no inoculant (control), 2) Emsilage inoculant (EMS), and 3) Sil-All 4x4 W.S. inoculant (SIL). Materials were ensiled in 1.5 L anaerobic jars for 90 days. Triplicate samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 90 for determination of fermentation, nutritive value and aerobic stability. In situ DM degradability was determined using 3 rumen cannulated Holstein cows. Microbial inoculation to AP silage increased lactic acid bacteria population, which subsequently increased residual fermentation substrate and lactic acid content. Terminal pH and volatile fatty acids of the silage were not affected by inoculation. Inoculated silage had less fibre and reduced aerobic stability compared to the control. The AP and its mixture had higher DM soluble fractions compared to the GP which had a higher degradation rate. Potential degradable fraction and extent of degradation were similar for each treatment. The EMS treatment had higher soluble fractions and lower degradation rate than other treatments. Inoculation with SIL improved degradation of the silage compared to other treatments. Thus, microbial inoculation qualifies the AP silage as a potential feed for ruminants. Keywords: feed, grape pomace, inoculant, oil cake, organic acid

Effects of superphosphate fertiliser and stocking rate on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover herbage

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Saul ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
P. C. Flinn ◽  
C. L. Lescun
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Infertile Soils

The effect of superphosphate fertiliser on digestible dry matter (DDM) and crude protein (CP) percentages of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover was assessed on a long-term, grazed experiment in western Victoria. CP of both species increased significantly (3–6 units) where long-term average phosphorus (P) applications were 33 kg/ha.year compared with 1 kg/ha.year. CP of herbage was also greater on paddocks grazed at higher (9–23 ewes/ha) than lower (5–13 ewes/ha) stocking rates (1–3 units). DDM of subterranean clover significantly increased (8–10 units) with higher superphosphate applications but there was little effect on the DDM of perennial ryegrass. Long-term applications of superphosphate were associated with larger increases in both DDM and CP than if the same rate was applied in autumn of the year of measurement. For subterranean clover, 30 kg/ha of P applied to infertile soils (Olsen P 5 mg/kg) in autumn increased the DDM of herbage collected in September by only 4–6 units. The nutritive value of most volunteer pasture species also increased with higher superphosphate applications but the DDM of these species was usually inferior to perennial ryegrass. The results highlight the importance of monitoring nutritive value, pasture composition, and herbage production to quantify fully the likely effect of fertiliser applications on animal production.

Genotypic variation in in sacco dry matter degradation kinetics in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Z. Sun ◽  
G. C. Waghorn ◽  
J.-H. B. Hatier ◽  
H. S. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
In Sacco

Fast degrading perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a desirable characteristic to select for because it can result in increased feed intake by grazing ruminants. Sufficient range in genotypic variation of dry matter (DM) degradation kinetics is a prerequisite for selection. To investigate the genotypic variation, 77 perennial ryegrass accessions sourced internationally, grown in autumn in the same conditions and harvested in the vegetative state, were examined using an in sacco technique. From the time course of DM disappearance, soluble fraction ‘A’, potentially degradable fraction ‘B’, indigestible fraction ‘C’ and the degradation rate k of fraction ‘B’ were estimated. The results indicated that a large range in genotypic variation was present in all degradation parameters. Fraction ‘A’ ranged from 0.48 to 0.60, with the highest five accessions being 21% higher than the lowest five. Degradation rate k of fraction ‘B’ ranged from 0.069 to 0.199/h, with the fastest five being 125% higher than the slowest five. There were no strong correlations between degradation parameters and chemical composition. In conclusion, there was considerable genotypic variation in DM degradation kinetics among perennial ryegrass accessions and this presents plant breeders with ample opportunity to select for fast degrading perennial ryegrasses.

Condensed tannins and the nutritive value of herbage

1990 ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Waghorn ◽  
W.T. Jones ◽  
I.D. Shelton ◽  
W.C. Mcnabb
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Grazed Pasture

Many plant species contain condensed tannins (CT), but lotus is one of the few herbages of agricultural importance to contain CT. Lotus has a high nutritive value (NV) despite a moderate protein content and nitrogen digestibility, and this can be explained by the activity of CT during digestion. CT binds plant proteins in the rumen, reducing their solubility and degradation by rumen bacteria. Condensed tannins increase the passage of plant protein to the intestine, and have increased the availability and absorption of essential amino acids by 60% compared with equivalent CT-free forage. Condensed tannins prevent bloat. Dietary concentrations as low as 0.17% CT in the dry matter (DM) can affect protein solubility in the rumen, but concentrations up to about 2-3% of dietary DM are probably optimal for maximising NV. Values exceeding 5.5% of DM inhibit microbial activity excessively and depress voluntary intakes. Ruminant production of milk, meat and wool could be increased by l0-15 % if grazed pasture contained 2-3%CT. These levels would be achieved if white clover could be engineered to contain 7-8% CT in its foliage. Keywords condensed tannins, lotus, nutritive value, herbage, ruminant digestion

The effect of different additives on proteolysis during ensilage of ryegrass

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
A P Williams ◽  
R J Merry ◽  
J K S Tweed ◽  
D K Leemans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Diethyl Dithiocarbamate ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Proteolysis during ensilage results in a reduction in the nutritive value of the crop due to the degradation of protein to peptides, amino acids and ammonia. Williams et al. (1990) characterised these nitrogenous constituents in ryegrass silages prepared with no additive or with formic acid or an enzyme additive. Although all the silages appeared well fermented neither of the additives reduced proteolysis. The present study was designed to follow changes in the microbiological as well as the chemical composition of ryegrass silages made without or with a wider range of additives thought likely to reduce proteolysis and to control it in different ways.Perennial ryegrass was ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg fresh matter), either untreated (U) or treated with formic acid (F) (ADD-F, BP Chemicals, UK; 3.3 1/tonne), aliphatic carboxylic acids (A) (Maxgrass, BP Chemicals, UK; 6.0 1/tonne), 1.75M Na diethyl dithiocarbamate (D) (BDH, UK; 6.0 1/tonne) or an inoculant (I) (Live System, Genus Animal Health, UK; 3.01/tonne at 106 Lactobacillus plantarum cells/g fresh matter (FM). Triplicate silos for each treatment were opened after storage for periods of 1, 2, 4, 14, 60 and 90d.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Forage Nutritive Value of In Situ Perennial Ryegrass Plants Using Hyperspectral Canopy Reflectance Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaya Smith ◽  
Senani Karunaratne ◽  
Pieter Badenhorst ◽  
Noel Cogan ◽  
German Spangenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
High Background ◽  
Non Destructive

Nutritive value (NV) of forage is too time consuming and expensive to measure routinely in targeted breeding programs. Non-destructive spectroscopy has the potential to quickly and cheaply measure NV but requires an intermediate modelling step to interpret the spectral data. A novel machine learning technique for forage analysis, Cubist, was used to analyse canopy spectra to predict seven NV parameters, including dry matter (DM), acid detergent fibre (ADF), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in vivo dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and crude protein (CP). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was used as the test crop. Independent validation of the developed models revealed prediction capabilities with R2 values and Lin’s concordance values reported between 0.49 and 0.82, and 0.68 and 0.89, respectively. Informative wavelengths for the creation of predictive models were identified for the seven NV parameters. These wavelengths included regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that are usually excluded due to high background variation, however, they contain important information and utilising them to obtain meaningful signals within the background variation is an advantage for accurate models. Non-destructive field spectroscopy along with the predictive models was deployed infield to measure NV of individual ryegrass plants. A significant reduction in labour was observed. The associated increase in speed and reduction of cost makes targeting NV in commercial breeding programs now feasible.

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