Nutritional modification of body composition in genetically lean breeding sows and the consequences for reproductive performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
S. O'Dowd ◽  
S. Hoste ◽  
J.T. Mercer ◽  
V.R. Fowler ◽  
S.A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Diet Treatment ◽  
And Performance

Selection for the reduction of carcase fat and the promotion of lean tissue growth has resulted in the production of faster growing, genetically lean breeding females. These animals often have very limited body fat reserves to utilise at times of high nutrient demand, such as during lactation. It is possible that reproductive performance and longevity may be improved as a consequence of alteration of the body composition of the breeding female by nutritional means.The experiment was designed to investigate the consequences for genetically lean animals of restricting lean tissue growth and promoting fat deposition in the period prior to a maiden service and in gestation using a low protein diet, and minimising fat loss in lactation using a nutrient dense diet (Treatment E) in comparison with feeding a conventional single diet (Treatment C). Two hundred and forty purebred Large White and Landrace gilts were allocated to one of these two nutritional regimes at 6 months of age on the basis of breed, liveweight and backfat. Animals remained on treatment for three parities and growth and performance parameters were monitored.

The effect of different dietary protein levels in the rearing phase (from 60 kg) on body composition and reproductive performance of gilts

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
M C Cia ◽  
S A Edwards ◽  
V L Glasgow ◽  
M Shanks ◽  
H Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

Low protein diets have been proposed as a way to enhance fat reserves and reduce liveweight gain in breeding animals of very lean genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different protein levels on daily gain, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts.At 118 (sem=0.28) days old, 54 genetically lean gilts ((Landrace x Large White) x Large White) were allocated, considering firstly age and secondly weight, between three treatments with different dietary lysine:energy (g/MJ DE) ratios: High (0.9), Medium (0.6) and Low (0.3), fed twice daily at 2.9 x maintenance energy. Animals were weighed weekly and backfat thickness (P2) and muscle depth values were also taken. Eye muscle area measurements were taken by real time ultrasonography (Aloka 500) at the end of the experiment At 160 days of age, puberty was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropin (PG600).

The effect of different dietary protein levels in the rearing phase (from 60 kg) on body composition and reproductive performance of gilts

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
M C Cia ◽  
S A Edwards ◽  
V L Glasgow ◽  
M Shanks ◽  
H Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

Low protein diets have been proposed as a way to enhance fat reserves and reduce liveweight gain in breeding animals of very lean genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different protein levels on daily gain, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts.At 118 (sem=0.28) days old, 54 genetically lean gilts ((Landrace x Large White) x Large White) were allocated, considering firstly age and secondly weight, between three treatments with different dietary lysine:energy (g/MJ DE) ratios: High (0.9), Medium (0.6) and Low (0.3), fed twice daily at 2.9 x maintenance energy. Animals were weighed weekly and backfat thickness (P2) and muscle depth values were also taken. Eye muscle area measurements were taken by real time ultrasonography (Aloka 500) at the end of the experiment At 160 days of age, puberty was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropin (PG600).

Relationship between ultrasonic fat depth assessments of commercial breeding sows at the p2 and hip bone positions and herd performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 62-62
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Measurement

The reproductive performance of the sow may be associated with the amount of fat stored in the body and the rate at which fat may be depleted. As body fat represents the easily mobilisable reserves of energy, an accurate and practical measurement of fat content is crucial. King et al (1986) have shown that linear baekfat measurements are the best single predictors of body fat compared to any other indirect indices of body composition. However practical experience has also suggested that fat measurements over the tuber coxae of the ileum (hip bone) will also provide an assessment of the fat status of a sow although its relationship to back fat depth is uncertain. Furthermore ultrasound techniques have not been tested in commercial conditions and the effectiveness of normal commercial practice in maintaining body fat reserves has not been previously examined.The object of the investigation was to assess whether the fat status of the sow as determined by ultrasonic fat measurements at the P2 position (6.5 mm from the midline of the backbone at the last rib) and hip bone would give an objective assessment of the condition and performance of the sow. The effectiveness of normal commercial practice in maintaining herd condition was also assessed.

Comparative performance and body composition of control and selection line large white pigs 3. Three low feeding scales for a fixed time

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ellis ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
Ruth Henderson ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
R. Laird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Daily Growth

ABSTRACTGrowth performance and body composition differences between Large White control (C) and index-selected (S) pigs were evaluated on feeding scales calculated to give very low, low and medium daily growth rates of approximately 450 g, 550 g and 650 g respectively. Starting at 30·3 (s.e. 0·32) kg, 72 boars were penned in groups of six, and one C and one S boar was fed on each of the three feeding scales for 84 days. The feeding scales started at 1·1, 1·2 and 1·3 kg per pig per day for the intended very low, low and medium growth rates with weekly increments of 0·025, 0·050 and 0·075 kg per pig per day. The 34 C and 35 S boars which completed the trial were slaughtered, their carcasses dissected and the whole empty bodies minced and chemically analysed. In no case was the interaction between line of pig and feeding treatment significant. S boars grew faster than C boars on all three levels of feeding. S boars also grew lean tissue faster, deposited less total fat, and had smaller backfat depths than C boars. Similar differences between lines in chemical composition were also apparent for whole body crude protein and lipid. Although the index selection at Newcastle was based on ad libitum performance tests, improvements in the lean content and lean tissue growth rates of the selection line were apparent even at very low levels of feeding.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

scholarly journals Metabolic and histochemical characteristics of fat and muscle tissues in homozygous or heterozygous pigs for the body composition QTL located on chromosome 7

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Demars ◽  
Juliette Riquet ◽  
Marie-Pierre Sanchez ◽  
Yvon Billon ◽  
Jean-François Hocquette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Tissue Characteristics ◽  
Qtl Effects

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing many traits including backfat thickness and carcass composition have been detected on porcine chromosome 7 (SSC7) in an F2 cross between Large White (LW) and Meishan (MS) pigs. However, the genes and controlled pathways underlying the QTL effects on body phenotype remain unknown. This study aimed at investigating the tissue characteristics at metabolic and cellular levels in pigs that were either homozygous or heterozygous for a body composition SSC7 QTL. A backcross pig (BC3) was first progeny tested to confirm its heterozygoty for the SSC7 QTL; results on all offspring ( n = 80) confirmed the QTL effects on body fatness. This boar was then mated with three sows known to be heterozygous for this QTL. In the subset of pigs per genotype, we found that heterozygous LWQTL7/MSQTL7 pigs had smaller adipocytes in backfat, together with a lower basal rate of glucose incorporation into lipids and lower activities of selected lipogenic enzymes in backfat isolated cells, compared with homozygous LWQTL7/LWQTL7 pigs. A higher number of adipocytes was also estimated in backfat of LWQTL7/MSQTL7 animals compared with LWQTL7/LWQTL7 pigs. The SSC7 QTL did not influence oxidative and glycolytic metabolisms of longissimus and trapezius muscles, as estimated by the activities of specific energy metabolism enzymes, or the myofiber type properties. Altogether, this study provides new evidence for an altered adipocyte cellularity in backfat of pigs carrying at least one MS allele for the SSC7 QTL. Some candidate genes known for their functions on adipocyte growth and differentiation are suggested.

The effect of energy supply on the contribution of lean tissue to total body protein mass in pigs slaughtered at 100 kg

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe effect of energy supply between 45 and 100 kg body weight (BW) on the contribution of lean tissue (muscle plus intermuscular adipose tissue) to total protein mass was studied in Large White castrated males (cLW), crossbred Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPPx) and boars (bPPx). The pigs were allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90 or 1·00 ad libitum) and kept in metabolism cages in experiment 1 or given food ad libitum and kept in individual pens in experiment 2. Daily protein supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth and identical for all pigs in experiment 1. Temperature was 23°C in both experiments. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg BW and physically dissected; the body tissues were chemically analysed. Taking into account housing conditions, the food intake of pigs in experiment 2 corresponded to 1·20 of ad libitum intake of pigs in experiment 1; data of both experiments were combined. The energy supply and the type of pig influenced significantly the protein content of empty BW (eBW) (170 g/kg on average), of lean (184g/kg on average) and non-lean compartment (eBW minus lean, 152 g/kg on average), the proportion of total protein deposited in lean (604 g/kg of total protein, on average) but not the protein content in fat-free eBW (209 g/kg on average). The fat-free eBW can be predicted as 4·8 times the body protein mass.

scholarly journals Body composition monitoring in children and adolescents: reproducibility and reference values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies Van Eyck ◽  
Sofie Eerens ◽  
Dominique Trouet ◽  
Eline Lauwers ◽  
Kristien Wouters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Lean Tissue Mass ◽  
Body Composition Monitor ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThere is an increasing need for suitable tools to evaluate body composition in paediatrics. The Body Composition Monitor (BCM) shows promise as a method, but reference values in children are lacking. Twenty children were included and measured twice by 4 different raters to asses inter- and intra-rater reproducibility of the BCM. Reliability was assessed using the Bland-Altman method and by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The intra-rater ICCs were high (≥ 0.97) for all parameters measured by BCM as were the inter-rater ICCs for all parameters (≥ 0.98) except for overhydration (0.76). Consequently, a study was set up in which BCM measurements were performed in 2058 healthy children aged 3–18.5 years. The age- and gender-specific percentile values and reference curves for body composition (BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and lean tissue mass) and fluid status (extracellular and intracellular water and total body water) relative to age were produced using the GAMLSS method for growth curves.Conclusion: A high reproducibility of BCM measurements was found for fat mass, lean tissue mass, extracellular water and total body water. Reference values for these BCM parameters were calculated in over 2000 children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years. What is Known• The 4-compartment model is regarded as the ‘gold standard’ of body composition methods, but is inappropriate for regular follow-up or screening of large groups, because of associated limitations. • Body Composition Monitor® is an inexpensive field method that has the potential to be an adequate monitoring tool.What is New• Good reproducibility of BCM measurements in children provides evidence to use the device in longitudinal follow-up, multicentre and comparative studies.• Paediatric reference values relative to age and sex for the various compartments of the body are provided.

Math for Real: Losing Weight versus Losing Fat

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Personal Trainer ◽  
Healthy Body

Measuring weight loss is important in determining if an exercise program works, but it is not the only objective. Losing body fat and maintaining a healthy body composition are more important. Body composition consists of lean tissue and fat. The body needs a certain amount of fat for essential functions (energy, regulating temperature). Karin Cottman, a certified personal trainer in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, keeps these ideas in mind when developing workout plans and diet goals for her clients.

The effects of genotype and post-weaning nutrition on compensatory growth in cattle reared as singles or twins

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTThirty-five Charolais × Blue-Grey and Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) weaned suckled calves which had been reared as either singles or twins and 19 single-reared Luing and Charolais × Luing weaned suckled calves were given silagead libitumsupplemented with either 0·75 or 2·5 kg rolled barley per day during the post-weaning winter. During summer the cattle continuously grazed perennial ryegrass swards. The high level of barley supplementation increased winter live-weight gain by 0·25 kg/day (P< 0·001). During summer the cattle from the low level of feeding gained weight at 0·09 kg/day (P< 0·05) faster than those from the high level of feeding. However, by the end of the summer grazing period the cattle on the low level of feeding were proportionately only 0·97 the weight of the animals on the high level of feeding.During winter the performance of all genotypes was similar, but at pasture the Luing cattle gained less weight (P< 0·01) than the single-reared Charolais-cross genotypes.Twin-reared cattle took 55 days longer to reach slaughter condition, but produced carcasses of equal weight and fatness to those from single-reared cattle.The twin-reared cattle on the high level of feeding and the single-reared cattle on the low level of feeding attained a similar weight, body condition and ultrasonic backfat at turn-out. Thereafter, their herbage intakes and live-weight gains were identical suggesting that previous level of feeding per se is unimportant in determining an animal's subsequent intake and performance. Rather it is the body composition at a given age, irrespective of the pathway followed to attain that composition, that determines performance thereafter. It is also suggested that the inability of cattle to compensate for a reduction in level of nutrition during the first 3 to 4 months of life is due to the lack of potential for fat deposition, and there is thus limited opportunity for nutritional manipulation of body composition at that age.

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