The faecal microbial population can be representative of large intestinal microfloral activity

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 165-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Williams ◽  
C. Voigt ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Colon And Rectum

Faeces may be representative of the microbial population present in the large intestine (LI) of monogastric animals, and is being used as the inoculum for in vitro procedures to investigate hindgut fermentation. To test this hypothesis, samples were taken from the caecum, mid-colon, and rectum of three pigs fed a simple diet (no antibiotics or copper). The in vitro cumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et a/., 1994) was used to measure the fermentation characteristics of four standard carbohydrate feedstuffs.Four feeds representative of certain carbohydrate fractions were used. They were fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS- oligosaccharides), oat hulls (OatH- fibre), potato starch (PST- resistant starch), and wheat bran (WBR- fibre). The entire large intestine was taken to laboratory, where samples were removed from the caecum, mid-colon, and rectum, diluted, and mixed, under strictly anaerobic conditions before being used as inoculum. The cumulative gas data (144 hours) were fitted to the monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten model (Groot et a/., 1996). After fermentation, samples were taken for VFA analysis, and substrate losses and pH measured.

The faecal microbial population can be representative of large intestinal microfloral activity

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
B.A. Williams ◽  
C. Voigt ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Colon And Rectum

Faeces may be representative of the microbial population present in the large intestine (LI) of monogastric animals, and is being used as the inoculum for in vitro procedures to investigate hindgut fermentation. To test this hypothesis, samples were taken from the caecum, mid-colon, and rectum of three pigs fed a simple diet (no antibiotics or copper). The in vitro cumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et a/., 1994) was used to measure the fermentation characteristics of four standard carbohydrate feedstuffs.Four feeds representative of certain carbohydrate fractions were used. They were fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS- oligosaccharides), oat hulls (OatH- fibre), potato starch (PST- resistant starch), and wheat bran (WBR- fibre). The entire large intestine was taken to laboratory, where samples were removed from the caecum, mid-colon, and rectum, diluted, and mixed, under strictly anaerobic conditions before being used as inoculum. The cumulative gas data (144 hours) were fitted to the monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten model (Groot et a/., 1996). After fermentation, samples were taken for VFA analysis, and substrate losses and pH measured.

PSIII-12 In vitro Evaluation of Purified Fiber Sources for Production of Short-chain Fatty Acids Using Pig Cecal Content as an Inoculum

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 177-177
Author(s):  
Gabriela E Martinez Padilla ◽  
Rajesh Jha ◽  
Vivek Fellner ◽  
Eric van Heugten
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Starch Potato ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract This study evaluated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from purified fiber sources when fermented in vitro using pig cecal contents as an inoculum. Fiber sources of interest were inulin from chicory root (native and long-chain inulin with 90 and 98% fiber, respectively), pectin from citrus peel (high methoxyl pectin), resistant starch (native starch), potato starch (commercial grade), and β-glucan (β-1,3;β-1,6 yeast-derived). Cellulose and cornstarch were used as indigestible and highly digestible carbohydrates, respectively. Triplicate samples of substrates (2 g) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and pancreatin for 6 h. Subsequently, hydrolyzed residues (200 mg) were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 39°C with 30 mL solution of cecal inoculum collected from 3 sows fed a standard commercial diet and buffered mineral solution. After 48 h of incubation, solutions from fermented samples were analyzed for pH, SCFA, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) using gas-liquid chromatography. Enzymatic hydrolysis had no effect on digestion of β-glucan, but total SCFA concentration after fermentation was highest (26.13 mmol/g) followed by resistant starch (22.61 mmol/g) and potato starch (22.20 mmol/g) and was lowest for cellulose (13.91 mmol/g). In contrast, native inulin was highly digested during enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the lowest substrate available for fermentation (11.84% DM) and the highest pH (5.98). Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of resistant starch increased (P< 0.001) concentrations of acetate (0.60 mg/g), whereas potato starch and β-glucan yielded more butyrate (0.60 and 0.54 mg/g respectively), and β-glucan resulted in greater (P< 0.001) propionate concentrations (0.69 mg/g). Pectin resulted in the highest fermentation (82.38% DM disappearance) and the lowest pH (4.03) compared to the other fiber sources (P< 0.001) and yielded the lowest BCFA concentration (1.89 mM, P< 0.001). Results suggest that fermentation of resistant starch, potato starch, and β-glucan produced higher SCFA concentrations, while pectin resulted in a decreased pH of fermentation solution.

scholarly journals The Effect of Processing and Cooling Methods on Coleus tuberosus in vitro Starch Digestibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Jhauharotul Muchlisyiyah ◽  
Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih ◽  
Retno Wulansari ◽  
Hera Sisca Prasmita
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Block Design ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cooling Methods ◽  
Total Starch

Coleus tuberosus, also known as black potato, is one of the Indonesian local tubers consumed as a carbohydrate substituent. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of processing and cooling methods on the in vitro digestibility of black potato starch. Furthermore, two factors Randomized Block Design with a 2x3 experimental design was used, which consisted of processing methods (boiling, roasting, and microwave) and cooling at room temperature and 4 °C for 24 hours with 3 repetitions. Black potato flour was compared with the raw form, by assessing some parameters, namely Resistant Starch (RS), Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS), Rapidly Digestible Starch (RDS), and Glycemic Index (GI). Also, the analysis of total starch, moisture, and color was performed, hence raw black potatoes generally have 10% resistant starch (%wb). Different treatments of cooking and cooling had a significant effect (α = 0.05) on moisture content, total starch, RS, RDS, SDS, GI, brightness (L), and yellowness (b). Black potatoes subjected to the processing method followed by cooling had lower RDS and increased RS content. Furthermore, refrigeration at 4°C for 24 hours reduced the digestibility of black potato starch more than cooling at room temperature. Contrarily, microwaved black potato cooled at room temperature showed a higher digestion rate compared to the raw counterpart. Conclusively, processing followed by cooling reduces the GI and increases the RS content of Coleus tuberosus.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Akkermansia muciniphila to the Oxic-Anoxic Interface of the Mucus Layer

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (23) ◽  
pp. 6983-6993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke P. Ouwerkerk ◽  
Kees C. H. van der Ark ◽  
Mark Davids ◽  
Nico J. Claassens ◽  
Teresa Robert Finestra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽  
Initial Oxygen ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACTAkkermansia muciniphilacolonizes the mucus layer of the gastrointestinal tract, where the organism can be exposed to the oxygen that diffuses from epithelial cells. To understand howA. muciniphilais able to survive and grow at this oxic-anoxic interface, its oxygen tolerance and response and reduction capacities were studied.A. muciniphilawas found to be oxygen tolerant. On top of this, under aerated conditions,A. muciniphilashowed significant oxygen reduction capacities and its growth rate and yield were increased compared to those seen under strict anaerobic conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed an initial oxygen stress response upon exposure to oxygen. Thereafter, genes related to respiration were expressed, including those coding for the cytochromebdcomplex, which can function as a terminal oxidase. The functionality ofA. muciniphilacytochromebdgenes was proven by successfully complementing cytochrome-deficientEscherichia colistrain ECOM4. We conclude thatA. muciniphilacan use oxygen when it is present at nanomolar concentrations.IMPORTANCEThis article explains howAkkermansia muciniphila, previously described as a strictly anaerobic bacterium, is able to tolerate and even benefit from low levels of oxygen. Interestingly, we measured growth enhancement ofA. muciniphilaand changes in metabolism as a result of the oxygen exposure. In this article, we discuss similarities and differences of this oxygen-responsive mechanism with respect to those of other intestinal anaerobic isolates. Taken together, we think that these are valuable data that indicate how anaerobic intestinal colonizing bacteria can exploit low levels of oxygen present in the mucus layer and that our results have direct relevance for applicability, as addition of low oxygen concentrations could benefit thein vitrogrowth of certain anaerobic organisms.

scholarly journals Profiling of in vitro rumen digestibility, fermentation parameters and fatty acid biohydrogenation of palm kernel cake-based diet supplemented with corn

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Anwer Saeed ◽  
Umar M. Sani ◽  
Awis Q. Sazili ◽  
Henny Akit ◽  
Abdul R. Alimon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Palm Kernel Cake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Corn supplementation can enhance the function of rumen and mitigate methane production. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro rumen digestibility, fermentation parameters and fatty acid biohydrogenation of palm kernel cake-based (PKC) diet substituted with different levels of corn. Corn was substitution into PKC basal diet at the levels; T1= (0% corn + 75.3% PKC), T2= (5% corn + 70.3% PKC) and T3= (10% corn + 65.3% PKC) of the diet. Rumen liquor was obtained from four fistulated Dorper sheep and incubated with 200 mg of each treatment for 24hrs and 72hrs. Net gas production, fermentation kinetics, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), rumen microbial population and fatty acid biohydrogenation were determined. The results of the in vitro study showed that production of gas increased from 0 hr until 9 hrs with T2 having the highest gas production during this phase. After 48 hrs, the gas production began to decrease gradually with increase in incubation time. No significant differences were observed in the IVDMD, IVOMD, NH3-N, pH and VFA at 72 hrs. However, higher significant methane gas (CH4) production was observed in T3 when compared with T1 and T2. Microbial population did not differ significantly between treatment groups for total bacteria, F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens. The rates of biohydrogenation were not affected by corn substitution although a significant difference was observed in that of C18:1n9. In conclusion, corn substitution maintained fermentation characteristics with increasing of unsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Effect Of Dietary Concentrate And Bypass Fat Supplements On In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility And Rumen Microbial Population In Buffaloes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIRUL FAIZ MOHD AZMI ◽  
A. Hafandi ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
MOHD ZAMRI SAAD ◽  
A. B. Md ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Bypass Fat

Abstract Background: The effect of Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate and bypass fat ratio 100, 70:30, 70:15:15 (w/w) on nutritional composition, in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population in Murrah cross and Swamp buffaloes were investigated. Incubation were conducted using rumen fluid obtained from the breed of each buffalo which were fed the same based diet (100% Brachiaria decumbens). For the in vitro fermentation characteristic after 48h incubation, total gas production, pH, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), apparent rumen degradable carbohydrate (ARDC), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH 3) were determined. The molecular technique also was used to quantify rumen total bacteria, total protozoa, total methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogens and Ruminococcus albus.Results: The results revealed Diet C showed significantly highest in dry matter, crude fat, metabolized energy and optimum in crude protein and carbohydrate value while lower in crude fiber as compared to Diet B and Diet A (P<0.05). In both breed were showed parameters of gas production, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and its proportion, and total microbial population were increased parallelly with the increase of 30% concentrate levels in Diet B, while Diet C was moderate with the presence of 4% bypass fat and 26% of concentrate (P<0.05). The methane concentration as well the total methanogens population increased significantly (P<0.05) in Diet B when compared among other diets, but no significant difference was found when comparing between buffalo species. Meanwhile, pH value was slightly decreased with the dietary supplementation in both breeds, but the population of cellulolytic bacteria was not affected.Conclusions: This study showed that dietary concentrate and bypass fat supplementation had improved nutritional composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics by increasing VFA concentration, altering total microbial population, and potentially used as new diet for buffaloes in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Fermentation Profile, Nutritional Value, and Microbial Population of C4 Grasses Silages with or Without Bacterial Additive

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. E. Bernardo ◽  
Paulo H. B. Chrisostomo ◽  
Michele G. Camilo ◽  
Danielle F. Baffa ◽  
Elizabeth F. Processi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Propionibacterium Acidipropionici ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Fermentation Profile

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of bacterial additive (Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici) on chemical composition, in vitro gas production, pH, losses, aerobic stability, and microbial population of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum silages in plastic bags silos (without vacuum). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with or without additive ([Control] without additive and Lactobacillus plantarum [2.5 × 1010 cfu/g] and Propionibacterium acidipropionici [2.5 × 1010 cfu/g] Biomax corn, Lallemand, Saint-Simon, France [LP]) and three crops of agricultural interest; pearl millet, sorghum, and corn, with four replicates per treatment. We performed chemical analyses and in vitro gas production to determine the nutritional value of the silages. We also evaluated the aerobic stability, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3), pH, and microbial population of the silages. The additive increased the crude protein content (P = 0.0062) in corn and sorghum and decreased the LIG content (P = 0.0567). The gas production was not affected (P > 0.05) by the additive and neither between crops. In aerobic stability, we observed that the additive affected the temperature of the sorghum silage (P = 0.0123). The additive decreased NH3 (P = 0.0095) content. The additive increased (P = 0.0441) the lactic acid bacteria population in the pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silages. Thus, the bacterial additive did not improve the fermentation profile and nutritional value of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum silages in plastic bag silos.

scholarly journals In vitro Digestibility Profiles of Different Types of Resistant Starch With Bioactive Guest Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 583-583
Author(s):  
Jiayue Guo ◽  
Alegna Reyes ◽  
Alyssa Gutierrez ◽  
Lingyan Kong
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Complexes ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Potential Inhibitors

Abstract Objectives Retardation of starch digestion is an effective way of optimizing glycemic response. As the non-digestible portion of starch, resistant starch (RS) is associated with several beneficial effects such as regulating blood glucose level and improving gut health. Although all types of RS demonstrate such health benefits, different subtypes and structures may lead to variations in the digestibility profile. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the in vitro digestibility of type 2 RS (RS2), type 3 RS (RS3), and novel type 5 RS (RS5) produced by starch inclusion complexes with ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and palmitic acid (PA) as potential inhibitors or guest compounds. Methods Two RS2 samples (high amylose maize starch, HAMS; potato starch, PS) in both raw and cooked forms, and RS3 samples produced by retrogradation of the two starches were tested for in vitro enzymatic digestion. AP and PA were either added during the digestion of RS2 and RS3 samples as potential inhibitors or processed to form inclusion complexes with starch prior to digestion as guest compounds of RS5. Starch digestibility profiles, represented by rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), total digestible starch (TDS), and RS contents, were determined. Results Cooking significantly increased the digestibility of RS2, while retrogradation (formation of RS3) inhibited the digestion by increasing the SDS and RS contents. The addition of AP significantly inhibited the in vitro digestion of RS2 (both raw and cooked HAMS and PS) and RS3 (retrograded HAMS and PS). The digestibility profile of RS5 produced by forming starch inclusion complexes with AP and PA was comparable to that of RS3, which exhibited higher SDS and RS contents as compared to cooked RS2. Conclusions AP as a bioactive guest compound could inhibit the in vitro digestion of raw and cooked RS2 and RS3. RS5 produced by forming starch inclusion complexes with AP and PA presented comparable digestibility with RS3, and higher SDS and RS contents as compared to cooked RS2. Since raw RS2 is not normally consumed in daily life, RS3 and RS5 could serve as better choices for daily consumption. In addition, adding certain bioactive food components could compensate for RS loss, suggesting a practical way of modulating glycemic response. Funding Sources University of Alabama Emerging Scholar Program and Faculty Start-up Fund.

Fermentation characteristics of carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs, using faecal inocula from unweaned piglets.

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
C. Voigt ◽  
B. A. Williams ◽  
M. Verstegen ◽  
R. Mosenthin
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Pea Starch ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

It is increasingly being realized that hindgut fermentation in monogastric animals has an important role in maintaining the health of the GIT and also of the animal itself. Thirty-five feedstuffs which were likely to be rich in fermentable carbohydrates were fermented in vitro using faeces from 28 day old piglets as the inoculum. The piglets had been offered a standard creep feed (no added antibiotics and copper). The in vitrocumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et al., 1994) was used to measure the fermentation characteristics of the feedstuffs.The substrates were separated into groups according to the component present in the largest amounts as: fibre (pea hulls, oatbran, soya hulls, wheat bran, wheat straw); grain (barley, maize oats, wheat); gums (gum arabic, guar gum); oligosaccharides (fructo-, trans-galacto-oligosaccharide); pectin (low and high methylated citrus fruits, high methylated sugar beet pectin); starch (oatmeal, inulin from Jerusalem Artichokes and Chicory Root, maize starch, native & treated potato starch, wheat flour, pea starch). The cumulative gas data were fitted to the monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten model (Groot et al, 1996).

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