Progeny Testing in the Breeding of Farm Animals

1952 ◽  
Vol 1953 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivar Johansson ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In

The progress in animal improvement depends on the accuracy with which the breeding value of each individual in the breed, or herd, is estimated, and how the animals chosen on the basis of our estimates are combined in matings. We are concerned here only with the first part of the problem, i.e. the estimation of breeding values. The estimates are made in regard to certain characters, or traits, which are of particular interest from an economic point of view, and they may be based on the phenotypic merit of the individual, or on the merits of its ancestors or collateral relatives, or on the merits of its progeny, in regard to the character in question. Often a combination of two, or three, or all four methods may be used. Their relative importance depends on the heritability of the character, as will be discussed later.

The influence of asparaginates of iodine, cobalt, selenium and the drug «Creamino» on the metabolism and productive traits of young cattle

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
T. A. Krasnoshchekova ◽  
E. Yu. Zalyubovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Productive Traits

The determining factor in increasing the productivity of farm animals is the provision of comlete feeding of animals through feed additives. Among the functional feed additives containing essential trace elements, a special place under the conditions of the Amur region is given to microadditives of selenium, iodine and cobalt. The Amur region belongs to the biogeochemical region in which the defi ciency of I, Se and Co in feed is from 80 to 95 % compared to the average Russian indicators. The purpose of the work was to compare the eff ect of feed additives made from red alga Ahnfeltia, soy protein asparaginates separately and together with the drug “Creamino” on the growth, development and metabolism of young cattle. Under the conditions of the Amur region on the basis of their own experimental data in the rearing of young cattle, the eff ectiveness of the use of the drug “Creamino” and red alga Ahnfeltia has been scientifi cally justifi ed. The conducted scientifi c and economic and physiological experiments allowed us to determine the eff ect of red anfel on the growth and development, metabolic processes of replacement heifers and the growth rate of steers when they were fed soy protein asparaginates together with the drug “Creamino”. The evaluation of the economic effi ciency of feeding heifers I, Co and Se in organic form as part of soy protein asparaginates and red alga Ahnfeltia has shown a higher economic eff ect per 1 head per day in the 2nd experimental group, where the level of profi tability was 28,6 %. The results of the research and production experiment on steers have shown that from an economic point of view, it is advisable to use I, Co and Se in their rations in the form of soy protein asparaginates together with the drug “Creamino”, feeding of which can signifi cantly increase the economic eff ect, which is 1 head per day of 4,47 rubles with a profi tability level of 31,0 %.

Statistical Thermodynamics of Rubber. II

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick T. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
Macroscopic Theory ◽  
Hooke’S Law ◽  
Hooke's Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Made In

Abstract During recent years, considerable progress has been made in connection with theories of rubber elasticity. Two general types of theories have been advanced, one from a macroscopic point of view and the other from a molecular point of view. An example of the former is the theory of Mooney, who arrived at an equation which agrees well with observation. For molecular theories, the reader is referred to the work of Guth and Mark, Kuhn, and Pelzer, who carried through calculations of a statistical nature. More recently, the author extended the statistical theory along lines which avoided some of the earlier difficulties. In the present paper, the calculations will be carried still further, and the molecular theory will be related to the macroscopic theory of Mooney. It will also be shown theoretically that, although rubber does not obey Hooke's law for ordinary elongation, it should obey Hooke's law for shear. It will be supposed that individual rubber molecules are long chain hydrocarbons capable of assuming various lengths and shapes as a result of free rotation about carbon-to-carbon valence bonds. When a piece of rubber is under no stress, the rubber molecules have a certain distribution of shapes. When the rubber is subjected to a stress, however, the molecules assume another distribution of lower probability. The theory here advanced relates this probability to the entropy of strain, thus providing a means of arriving at the mechanical properties of rubber. Two postulates are made. (1) When a macroscopic piece of rubber is strained, the components of the lengths of the individual molecules (along some set of axes) change in the same ratio as does the corresponding dimension of the piece of rubber. (2) When a piece of rubber is elongated, no change in total volume takes place. The first assumption was made in the earlier paper of this series, whereas the second was not. Experimental support for the second postulate has been given by Holt and McPherson. Our first problem is to investigate the effect of this second assumption on the equation of state for rubber.

Spatial and competition models increase the progeny testing efficiency of Japanese larch

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1373-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiming Dong ◽  
Yunhui Xie ◽  
Harry X. Wu ◽  
Xiaomei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Forward Selection ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Model C

The main purpose of this study was to examine spatial and competition effects on estimates of genetic parameters, as well as on selection options for growth traits, including height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume (V), in a progeny test of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière) at age 20 years. We compared performances among the individual-tree additive genetic base model (B) with design factors only, the spatial effect model (AR1), the competition model (C), and the combined competition and spatial model (CS). We found that spatial heterogeneity had significant effects on growth traits and that plot variance decreased by more than 80% in the AR1 model relative to the B model. Competition had significant effects on DBH and V but a smaller effect on H. In the C model, direct additive genetic variances ([Formula: see text]) for DBH and V increased by 205% and 93%, respectively, whereas residual variances ([Formula: see text]) decreased by 8% and 6%, respectively. In the CS model, the correlations between direct and competitive genetic effects were 0.83, −0.97, and −0.98 for H, DBH, and V, respectively. Competition significantly affected the forward selection. The proportions of selected elite trees were only 39% and 25% common between the B and CS models for DBH and V, respectively, when selection intensity was 5%. For breeding selection, depending on thinning regimes planned, trees of high additive breeding values but low competitive breeding values are preferable for plantation.

Turgot, the Fondations and the questionv of social needs

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Fiorenza Manzalini
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sole Criterion

This paper focuses on the entry Fondation, compiled by Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and published in 1757 in the Encyclopédie. Turgot analyzes the phenome-non of fondations from the socio-economic point of view. In order to assess whether these ancient institutions were suitable for a society moving towards modernity, he uses public utility as the sole criterion of assessment. According to Turgot, the fondations were an obstacle to free enterprise and free market, as on the one hand they accumulated and immobilized capital by subtracting it from productive and profitable investments and, on the other hand, they provided assis-tance and charity without adequate labour promotion by encouraging idleness. Also for these reasons Turgot is in favour of the suppression of these ancient institutions and he prefers the figure of the individual, active and responsible, or free associations of individuals. However, Turgot's attack on fondations seems only one aspect of his broader criticism of all the institutions that were supporting the ancient social order.

scholarly journals Estimation of the breeding value of sport horses in the Czech Republic

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Iva Jiskrová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

The performance of 10671 horses in 10911 sport competitions was used to estimate the breeding value of the population of the Czech warm-blooded horses using the Best Linear Unibased Prediction method. The sport performance was estimated on the basis of the number of bad points (penalties) in jumping competitions. We analysed 252781 sporting results in the period 1991 – 2002. The estimations encompassed the fixed effects of sex, age, level of the competition and random effects of the breeder, rider, competition and the permanent environment. We compared the original and innovated calculations of the estimate of the breeding value of sport horses in the Czech Republic. We then compiled a list of estimated breeding values for stallions having 30 or more offspring and we compared the estimated breeding values with the results of the official system of progeny testing for performance in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Economical Optimization of the Mechanized Longwall Faces with Top Coal Caving Mining, In Horizontal Slices

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilie Onica ◽  
Viorel Mihăilescu ◽  
Felicia Andrioni
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Optimizing Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Economical Optimization

Abstract To increase the economic and technical performances of the Jiu Valley hard coal mines, the top coal caving, in horizontal slices, mining methods (Bourbaki methods) were introduced, adapted to the local geo-mining conditions. This mining was successfully experimented by using classical technology, using the individual supports and coal blasting. In the future, it is planned to adopt the mechanized technology, with frame supports and shearers. The mechanized longwall faces with top coal caving mining, in horizontal slices, of coal seam no. 3 could be efficient only if the sizes of the top coal height and the panel length determine a minimum cost of production. Therefore, the goal of this paper is the optimization of these parameters, from a technical and economic point of view, taking into account the general model of the cost function, at the panel level. For that, it was necessary to make a certain sequence of analysis involving: technological unit establishment, purpose function and optimizing model. Thus, there attaining to the mathematical model of the unit cost, after determination of all the individual calculation articles, regarding the preparatory workings, coal face equipments, materials, energy, workforce, etc. Because of the complexity of the obtained technical and economic model, to determine the optimum sizes of the panel length and top coal height, it was necessary to archive a sensitivity analysis of the unit cost function to the main parameters implied into this mathematical model.

scholarly journals Milk protein genes CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, LGB and their relation to genetic values of milk production parameters in Czech Fleckvieh

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kučerová ◽  
A. Matějíček ◽  
Jandurová OM ◽  
P. Sørensen ◽  
E. Němcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Milk Protein Genes

Genotypes of milk protein genes, alpha<sub>S1</sub>-casein (CSN1S1), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3) and beta-lactoglobulin (LGB), were detected in 440 individuals of Czech Fleckvieh breed using a PCR-RFLP method. Breeding values of genotyped animals were obtained from the Official Database of Progeny Testing. A granddaughter design including 5 grandsires, 33 sons and 402 granddaughters was used for evaluation. Statistical analysis was carried out in SAS program using a restricted maximum likelihood method (REML). The aim of this study was to determine allele and genotype frequencies of observed genes and to find the relation between genotypes of genes and milk production parameters expressed by the breeding values of animals. The positive findings of frequencies of CSN3 allele B (0.38) and genotype BB (13%) were detected in the observed population. Significant differences were found between genotypes of loci CSN1S1, CSN2 and CSN3 and breeding values for milk production parameters. Genotypes of LGB locus were not significantly related to any of the milk production parameters. Significant effects were found between CSN1S1 locus and average breeding value for milk yield, CSN2 locus and breeding values for all parameters except for protein content and CSN3 locus and breeding values for protein content and protein yield. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic constitution of Czech Fleckvieh breed and help with the application of the information to breeding. &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Acceptance and Feasibility of a Guideline for the Animal Welfare Assessment of Fattening Pigs from Farmers’ Point of View

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Mareike Pfeifer ◽  
Alexandra Koch ◽  
Clara Lensches ◽  
Armin O. Schmitt ◽  
Engel F. Hessel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Faecal Soiling ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Indicator Systems ◽  
Fattening Pigs

The welfare of farm animals is being increasingly discussed in society and politics. To evaluate animal welfare, indicator systems are often used. Such a system has been developed by the German Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture and suggested in the publication “Animal Welfare Indicators: Practical Guide—Pigs”. The association’s aim is to provide farmers with a useful method for recording the welfare of pigs. Crucial for the acceptance of the guide by farmers is a high degree of feasibility of the recommended indicators as well as the proposed methods for their recording. To evaluate this, 40 farmers keeping fattening pigs were interviewed. The guided semi-structured interview was conducted on the farms after the farmers evaluated the welfare of their fattening pigs according to the guide. The results are: Apart from the indicators faecal soiling and tail length, all the other eleven indicators are accepted for the assessment of fattening pig welfare by a majority of the interviewed farmers (between 57.5% and 90% acceptance per indicator). Furthermore, the feasibility of the individual indicators was assessed as being positive. The relationship between time expenditure and benefit was rated on a five-point scale at an average of 3.1 (medium), which clearly shows that there is a need for further development of this guide. Some possible changes with a potential for improvement could be identified; for example, the aggregation of the results after the collection of the individual indicators to an overall result that can be compared and interpreted.

scholarly journals In-Situ Combination of Bio and Abio Remediation of Chlorinated Ethenes

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Lacinová ◽  
Martina Černíková ◽  
Jaroslav Hrabal ◽  
Miroslav Černík
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chlorinated Ethenes ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This article deals with combined abio-bioreductive methods for in-situ removal of chlorinated ethenes. The method is based on the use of bioremediation supported by lactate and chemical reduction using nZVI. The method is compared with the use of the individual methods alone, mainly with nZVI. In an environment with very low permeability a poor contaminant removal efficiency was achieved during repeated application of nZVI (about 50% of the original content of contamination). Separate application of lactate resulted in conversion of PCE to 1,2-cis-DCE, whose degradation occurred very slowly. When using the combined abio-bioreductive method, based on consecutive application of lactates and nZVI, over 75% of the original content of contamination was removed. This article discusses not only the changes in concentrations of contaminants but also pH and ORP. Both methods are also compared from an economic point of view.

scholarly journals Identifying Rumour Source from Social Activity Streams

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5718-5724
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space Complexity ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time And Space Complexity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Made In

Gossipy tidbits are snippets of data or a story that has not been checked. What this implies, is that the individual recounting the story does not know for certain in the event that it is valid or not. Bits of gossip assume a major job in this day and age of web where emergency contact only one post or article. Regular daily existences are lost and economies endure top dogs due to these gossipy tidbits being far reaching by individuals without confirming. Microblog stages have been to a great degree mainstream in the enormous information period because of its constant dissemination of data. We exhibit RING, a constant rising abnormality checking framework over microblog content streams. RING incorporates our endeavors on both developing inconsistency observing examination and framework explore. From the oddity observing point of view, RING proposes a diagram expository methodology with the end goal that RING can recognize developing abnormalities at a prior stage contrasted with the current methods. In our project, we tried to improve the process of Detecting the trending events and their sources by many characteristics like Duration of the anomaly, size of the text, and time. We analysed the spiking anomaly and its source by making use of RING in a little advance manner. The changes made in the system produced positive results which are better to identify the sources in terms of time and space complexity

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