Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSEMARY GROOM ◽  
STEPHEN HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Local Support ◽  
Community Trust ◽  
People’S Attitudes

SUMMARYAttempts to establish local support for wildlife and conservation through the sharing of revenues and empowerment of local communities to manage their wildlife have proliferated over the past two decades. Data from two neighbouring Maasai group ranches in the wildlife dispersal area of Amboseli and Tsavo National Parks (Kenya) indicated one ranch generated considerable wildlife revenues from a tourist operation and community trust while the other received no direct benefits from wildlife. The overall attitude to wildlife on the ranch with wildlife revenues was significantly more positive, but attitudes within the ranch varied significantly, depending on both costs from wildlife and perception of the distribution of wildlife revenues. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that it was not the amount of revenue received or the scale of costs from wildlife which determined people's attitudes, but simply the presence or absence of wildlife benefits. The importance of addressing inequitable distribution of benefits is emphasized.

Securing benefits for local communities from international visitors to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1553-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johane Dikgang ◽  
Edwin Muchapondwa ◽  
Jesper Stage
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Demand Function ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
International Visitors ◽  
Land Restitution

This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the scope for raising fees charged to international tourists in order to fund revenue-sharing schemes for local communities. International and Southern African Development Community tourists account for approximately 25% and 2% of the total number of visitors to South African national parks, with domestic visitors making up the remaining portion. Although small, the South African international tourism market is mature and accounts for a disproportionately large share (around 42%) of net revenue. To estimate visitation demand at the KTP and three other national parks, random effects Tobit Model was used. Using the estimated elasticities, the revenue-maximizing daily conservation fee was computed to be R1 131.94 (US$144.20) for KTP, which can be compared with the R180 (US$22.93) currently charged. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated that there is a possibility of raising fees at the other three parks. Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities’ economic development and promote a positive view of land restitution involving national parks.

scholarly journals Park–People Relationships: The Socioeconomic Monitoring of National Parks in Bavaria, Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8984
Author(s):  
Hubert Job ◽  
Sarah Bittlingmaier ◽  
Marius Mayer ◽  
Eick von Ruschkowski ◽  
Manuel Woltering
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Park Management ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
The Past ◽  
People’S Attitudes

Questions about park–people relationships and the understanding and handling of the conflicts that may result from the creation and management of national parks in the surrounding area are prerequisites for both successful park management and sustainable rural tourism development. This paper analyzes the roles that research may play in relation to park–people relationships in the context of the two oldest German national parks located in Bavaria. The different fields of action of national parks are used to identify the potential for conflict, using detailed case studies from the Bavarian Forest and Berchtesgaden National Parks using quantitative population surveys carried out in 2018. The overall attitude towards both national parks is overwhelmingly positive, with trust towards park administrations and the perceived economic benefits from rural tourism being the attitudes most strongly correlated to the overall level of park–people relationships. Nevertheless, some points of contention still exist, like the ecological integrity approach towards strict nature conservation and related landscape changes (e.g., deadwood cover). A comparison over time shows in both cases that the spatial proximity to the protected area negatively influences people’s attitudes towards the parks, but less so than in the past. Recommendations for national park management include communicating proactively and with greater transparency with locals and decision-makers, to identify conflicts earlier and, where possible, to eliminate them. Furthermore, developing a standardized method to monitor park–people relationships in Germany is a must and would benefit integrated approaches in research and management based on conservation social science.

Restorative Justice as a Key for Healing Communities

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo Thesnaar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Journey

AbstractSouth Africa is indeed a country of many contrasts, of extreme wealth and extreme poverty. All South Africans were deeply affected by apartheid and this had a huge effect on how communities (including both offenders and victims) on all levels took shape: where they lived, the quality of their housing and neighbourhoods, the resources they had or did not have at their disposal, what schools their children attended, what opportunities they had for economic gain and how they were emotionally affected by the policies of apartheid. This article specifically intends to argue that communities should deal in a positive and urgent way with the divide caused by the past so that victims and offenders do not stay victims and offenders but are assisted to move on in their life journey towards healing and wholeness. The author believes that the key for reaching this goal is justice, especially restorative justice. With this qualification in mind the article wants to argue that the Christian church in particular can play a central role in implementing restorative justice in local communities. This will ultimately help to break the destructive cycle of being a victim today and an offender tomorrow, or the other way round.

The place of biology in modern education. Address by Sir Edward Salisbury, C. B. E. , D.Sc., LL.D., V. P. R. S., at the opening of the new Hatherly Biological Laboratories, Exeter, on 23 April 1953

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Education ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
University College ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

It is my privilege today to declare open, for your use, these new laboratories that will provide the University College with a fitting environment in which the subject of biology can be effectively taught. It is one of the achievements of the modern advance in knowledge that the unity of all subjects is becoming more and more manifest and just as the context of biology has itself become so vastly augmented so its implications for the other branches of science have been proportionately enhanced. ‘If one member suffers all the other members suffer with it’ is fully applicable to the intellectual field, and the direct benefits that will follow from your own improved conditions will, I have no doubt, be indirectly no less beneficial to the University College as a whole. But if the maximum good is to accrue from your efforts and from the material improvement of your circumstances, biology must take its proper place not so much as a special discipline, but as part of that liberal education that constitutes an essential element in a cultured mind. Nevertheless to do this I venture to suggest that a new orientation in our approach to the study of botany and zoology is requisite. In the teaching of biology, and indeed of most subjects, in the curricula of schools and universities alike, there has, in the past, been far too great a tendency to mistake the imparting of mere information for the inculcation of knowledge. We devote far too much attention to the collection of bricks and far too little attention to the vision of the buildings into which they ought to be constructed. This tends to develop a community of the well informed rather than men and women of wisdom. The bricks are regarded as important in themselves and even brickbats, the half truths, which are often substitutes for the bricks, become the missiles of controversy instead of the elements of constructive achievemen t through which the superstructure of a richly ornamented life and useful citizenship can be built up. Many men and women, when they go out into the world of achievement, have a mental equipment that is comparable to a dump rather than to an edifice.

The Evolution and Implications of Mineral Planning Policy in the National Parks of England and Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1229-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D I Brotherton
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Mineral Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Planning Policies

Quarrying upsets national park interests, perhaps more than any other activity. As a consequence, considerable effort has been expended over the past forty years to devise appropriate mineral planning policies for the parks. Three approaches are identified and are indicated by the names of the ministers that propounded them: the Silkin test (1949); the Sandford approach (1976); and the Waldegrave formulation (1987). Particular importance is attached to clarifying the premise on which each of the three policies is based, and to exploring the implications of the policies, both for the national parks and for the rest of the countryside. The Silkin test and Sandford approach are shown to have markedly different premises and consequences, whereas the recently propounded Waldegrave formulation appears to be intermediate to the other two. But the consequences of Waldegrave are shown to be inconsistent with its intermediate premise. For all the dressing up, Waldegrave produces outcomes no different from Silkin's, and current mineral policy is effectively back where it started. The desirability of this is considered.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

‘Newness which never perishes’? Schoenberg’s ambivalent reception of Haydn

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Music Tradition

This paper explores Arnold Schoenberg’s curious ambivalence towards Haydn. Schoenberg recognized Haydn as an important figure in the German serious music tradition, but never closely examined or clearly articulated Haydn’s influence and import on his own musical style and ethos, as he did with many other major composers. This paper argues that Schoenberg failed to explicitly recognize Haydn as a major influence because he saw Haydn as he saw himself, namely as a somewhat ungainly, paradoxical figure, with one foot in the past and one in the future. In his voluminous writings on music, Haydn is mentioned by Schoenberg far less frequently than Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven, and his music appears rarely as examples in Schoenberg’s theoretical texts. When Schoenberg does talk about Haydn’s music, he invokes — with tacit negativity — its accessibility, counterpoising it with more recondite music, such as Beethoven’s, or his own. On the other hand, Schoenberg also praises Haydn for his complex, irregular phrasing and harmonic exploration. Haydn thus appears in Schoenberg’s writings as a figure invested with ambivalence: a key member of the First Viennese triumvirate, but at the same time he is curiously phantasmal, and is accorded a peripheral place in Schoenberg’s version of the canon and his own musical genealogy.

Economic Performance and Public Finance in Kenya, 1960-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kempe Ronald Hope
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Growth

Countries with positive per capita real growth are characterised by positive national savings—including government savings, increases in government investment, and strong increases in private savings and investment. On the other hand, countries with negative per capita real growth tend to be characterised by declines in savings and investment. During the past several decades, Kenya’s emerging economy has undergone many changes and economic performance has been epitomised by periods of stability, decline, or unevenness. This article discusses and analyses the record of economic performance and public finance in Kenya during the period 1960‒2010, as well as policies and other factors that have influenced that record in this emerging economy. 

Vom Forst zum Wald. Entwicklungstendenzen im naturnahen Waldbau | From a Production-Oriented Forest to a Multipurpose Forest. New Trends in Near-Natural Silviculture

1999 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Hockenjos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Enterprises

Concepts of near-natural forestry are in great demand these days. Most German forest administrations and private forest enterprises attach great importance to being as «near-natural» as possible. This should allow them to make the most of biological rationalisation. The concept of near-natural forestry is widely accepted, especially by conservationists. However, it is much too early to analyse how successful near-natural forestry has been to date, and therefore to decide whether an era of genuine near-natural forest management has really begun. Despite wide-spread recognition, near-natural forestry is jeopardised by mechanised timber harvesting, and particularly by the large-timber harvester. The risk is that machines, which are currently just one element of the timber harvest will gain in importance and gradually become the decisive element. The forest would then be forced to meet the needs of machinery, not the other way round. Forests would consequently become so inhospitable that they would bear no resemblance to the sylvan image conjured up by potential visitors. This could mean taking a huge step backwards: from a near-natural forest to a forest dominated by machinery. The model of multipurpose forest management would become less viable, and the forest would become divided into areas for production, and separate areas for recreation and ecology. The consequences of technical intervention need to be carefully considered, if near-natural forestry is not to become a thing of the past.

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