scholarly journals Who are the poor? Measuring wealth inequality to aid understanding of socioeconomic contexts for conservation: a case-study from the Solomon Islands

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAMMY E. DAVIES ◽  
NATHALIE PETTORELLI ◽  
WILL CRESSWELL ◽  
IOAN R. A. FAZEY
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

SUMMARYUnderstanding the local socioeconomic context is important for the design of appropriate conservation initiatives and associated monitoring strategies, especially in areas with high degrees of inequality, to ensure conservation interventions do not inadvertently further disadvantage vulnerable people. Typical assessments of wealth inequality in remote rural areas are constrained by limited engagement with a cash economy, complex family and tribal ties, and an absence of basic infrastructure. This paper presents a simple participatory approach to measure wealth inequality that does not predefine indicators, such as income or assets, but allows the local people choose the most appropriate indicators. A case study from the Solomon Islands revealed poor households in Kahua were characterized by fewer members, fewer members of working age, and fewer male members than wealthier households. The poor also owned fewer of the locally defined indicators of wealth that were collectively correlated with limited land tenure, and, consequently, conservation or development initiatives that are tied to land in Kahua will be less likely to assist the poorest. Adopting this participatory approach could improve the effectiveness of community-based conservation, through facilitating opportunities to explore local poverty and routes for alleviation.

scholarly journals PENDEKATAN PDSA UNTUK PERBAIKAN PROSES PADA INDIKATOR SASARAN KESELAMATAN PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Elly Numa Zahroti
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Process Improvement ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
The Poor ◽  
One Step ◽  
Observational Design

Background: Patient safety is an indicator of hospital service quality. A hospital in Surabaya identified six indicators of patient safety goals. There are two indicators which can not achieve the standard, namely effective communication and infection risk reduction.Aims: This study aims to identify the process improvement that can be done to increase indicator performance by using PDSA cycle.Method: A descriptive observational design was used in this study with a case study and participatory approach. There were 5 subjects selected by purposive sampling. Interview and observation were used to collect data that then were analyzed descriptively. The validity of data was done by triangulation of method, source, and theory.Results: The PDSA results indicated that the cause of the poor indicators performance of both patient safety goals is the poor compliance of the health staffs in carrying out read-back procedure and hand hygiene as written in SOP. It was caused by the lack of knowledge and motivation of the health staffs in implementing the SOP.Conclusion: In conclusion, process improvement can be done by socializing read-back SOP and hand hygiene as well as supervision conducted periodically by managers. Plan stage is one step which should be improved. Commitment in implementing the improvement planning is necessary. In addition, further research on factors that influence compliance should be conducted.Keywords: patient safety, PDSA method, process improvement, quality of hospital

Revenue Sharing in Community–Private Sector Lodges in Namibia: A Bargaining Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Lapeyre
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Nash Bargaining ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Communal Lands ◽  
Efficiency Effects

Taking tourism in Namibian rural areas as an empirical case study, this paper analyses the main factors that explain the economic outcome in a negotiation process in which local communities and private operators bargain over the distribution of income generated through a partnership lodge. While much research has focused on the required preconditions (especially property rights) and efficiency effects of tourism partnerships, a Nash bargaining model allows us to assess the distributive effects of such contracts. In particular, variables such as insecure community land tenure, and the resulting reduced value of land, the remoteness of lodges and the community's impatience and attitude towards risk could explain why rural communities have not so far captured the lion's share from tourism activities in communal lands. Finally, the paper shows that future research will be needed to complete the model in order to provide an account of the contractual problems that limit the efficiency of tourism partnerships in rural areas – transaction costs and underinvestment.

scholarly journals Living Arrangement of Elderly in Haryana: A Case Study of District Rohtak

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep ◽  
Lubna Siddiqui ◽  
Aruna Paarcha ◽  
Masood Ahsan Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

In the present paper, we have analyzed the living arrangement of elderly in district Rohtak, Haryana. We have interviewed 500 elderly of different age groups in 2012. The study found that elderly is cared as about 90 per cent elderly stay in joint families. Not a single respondent male was living alone whereas 0.5 percent females in rural areas and 2.5 per cent in urban areas are living alone. The poor elderly are more satisfied than the rich elderly.

Challenges in household energisation and the poor

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
Tract Infections

While the electrification of households in South Africa since 1994 has been impressive, many of the major energy services in poor households are still met by traditional fuels such as, on the Highveld, coal; in coastal regions, paraffin; and in rural areas by wood. Their use is associated with a range of challenges, from chronic respiratory tract infections to asphyxiation by carbon monoxide to massive fires that destroy not only homes but also lives. State interventions such as the provision of Free Basic Electricity are costly and do not appear to be contributing towards any solutions. The challenges are assessed, and a range of mitigations proposed.

scholarly journals Renewing the Bornean Longhouse: Empowering the Rural Poor in Sabah, Malaysia through Architectural Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Kein Peng Wong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

<p>Despite the fact that Malaysia has undergone independence for some 50 years, and the country as a whole has boomed economically to be one of the strongest in South-East Asia - why are there rural kampong regions particularly in Sabah still living in stagnant poverty compared to nearby urban settlements, and the growing disparity between the rich and the poor?  Sabah has and is undergoing severe forms of poverty in the various forms it comes by, in comparison with other Malaysian states. These forms of poverty include economic regional and ethnic disparities with the poorest of the poor seen especially in the rural areas; deficit in basic infrastructure and education; communities lacking the political voice within the federal government especially in the area of addressing poverty where it is needed most; and growing deforestation as detrimental to these peoples’ way of life in the name of ‘national progress’. This sets the tone for exploring alternative ways to develop the state’s economy in a way that is sustainable and empowering. There is no denying that we live in a capitalist era where economic drivers and development are at the forefront of political affairs and is a dominant factor for getting things done. It is therefore essential that for there to be true and broad community empowerment; economically advantageous solutions need to be found to actually implement a lesser dependence on unsustainable development practices. This research also suggests in using strategic Tourism development as a political vehicle to provide impetus for such change, where particularly the Architect and architecture can play a significant role in.  It suggests architectural principles that can be applied to a given Tourism scheme - specifically in Sabah - that can help tilt this exploding sector to benefit and empower these poverty stricken communities, yet make smart business sense. Case studies are presented to illustrate how various Pro-poor Tourism initiatives in other countries have in some ways been successful, and in some ways not, and how recurring issues can be mitigated in Sabah’s context through architectural intervention.  As a design proposal, this research shows how ‘The Bornean Longhouse’ is a perfect piece of architecture that provides the foundation for integrating all these strategies mentioned, as well as the fact that it provides a marketable Tourism niche product for potential long-stay visitors. It is a piece of architecture that embodies the deep rooted values of these fading indigenous culture that if renewed – will bring a sense of cultural empowerment and pride back to these peoples. It also acts to provide an architectural solution to reinforce and empower these communities in light of dying traditions to an individualistic global culture; potential economic benefit through a more sustainable and evenly-distributed solution to economic growth; plus having the political support through the heavily backed Malaysian Tourism industry to explore a broad and effective empowerment scheme.</p>

The periurban water security problem: a case study of Hyderabad in Southern India

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjal Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water History ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

The 2011 Census of India produced some interesting facts about the process of urbanisation in India. For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban than in rural areas. The increase in urban areas has put pressure on the basic infrastructure, including access to water for both urban and periurban locations. Most Indian cities have formal water supply for only a few hours a day and only in limited areas. The question is – where are the remaining water requirements coming from? For much of India's ‘water history’, the focus has been on large-scale surface-water projects to provide access, focusing more on irrigation and neglecting sources within the city and the periurban areas. Over time an enormous informal groundwater market has arisen in several cities to bridge the demand–supply gap. This water demand is met through supplies of water through informal water markets. Water is sourced from the periurban regions, which are usually richer in surface water and groundwater. This paper focuses on the change process as witnessed by periurban areas with a case study of Hyderabad. This paper presents an overview of a trend that is leading to immense water insecurities due to a combination of issues.

scholarly journals Inclusive Financial Development and Multidimensional Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Assessment from Rural China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlin Yang ◽  
Chenyu Fu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Financial Exclusion ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Inclusive finance is often considered to be a critical element that makes growth inclusive, as access to finance can enable the poor to lift themselves from income poverty. However, can it play such a role when the poor are in multidimensional poverty? Why does financial exclusion and poverty still exist in countries with vigorous development of inclusive finance? We build an evolutionary game model to analyze the equilibrium strategies of inclusive financial institutions and the poor in poverty reduction activities to find the answers. As there is a high incidence of poverty and serious financial exclusion in rural areas of China, we test the poverty reduction effectiveness of inclusive financial development on the poor with different labor capacity in rural China from 2010 to 2016 based on survey data of China Family Panel Studies and relevant statistics collected from 21 provinces. Our study finds there are differences in poverty alleviation effects of inclusive financial development among the poor with different labor capacities; if financial institutions target the service precisely to the working-age population in rural areas, they will achieve the dual goals of maintaining institutional sustainable development and alleviating poverty; And the development of inclusive finance in aspects of permeability, usability, and utility can significantly reduce multidimensional poverty. Therefore, to further improve the multidimensional poverty reduction performance and stimulate the endogenous motivation of the poor, it is necessary to strengthen the support for financial resources served to the working-age population, and to improve the development of rural inclusive finance in aspects of quality and affordability.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Urban Poverty Case Study in Sangkrah, Surakarta City

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyuni Apri Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analyze Data

This research was intended to analyze on the characteristics of a poor household. The number of respondents in this research was 68 respondents who consisted of the poor households. The  what their characteristics were. To analyze data, the researcher used a descriptive analysis with the concentration on understanding from the researched community. This research made an effort to implement a poor community based approach in the urban area including understanding problems, and characteristics with the method of the poor community based participants. The result of this research indicated that the characteristics of the poor household included: their job was subject to changing the season and dependent on consumer’s need and want, a tendency to deviate from a law, the old and housewives and were involved to make a living, spending an inappropriate income, their survival dependend on the other people; their children were uneducated; they had not got a house and rented the house for a long time; and they could merely utilize the limited social failities.

scholarly journals Renewing the Bornean Longhouse: Empowering the Rural Poor in Sabah, Malaysia through Architectural Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Kein Peng Wong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

<p>Despite the fact that Malaysia has undergone independence for some 50 years, and the country as a whole has boomed economically to be one of the strongest in South-East Asia - why are there rural kampong regions particularly in Sabah still living in stagnant poverty compared to nearby urban settlements, and the growing disparity between the rich and the poor?  Sabah has and is undergoing severe forms of poverty in the various forms it comes by, in comparison with other Malaysian states. These forms of poverty include economic regional and ethnic disparities with the poorest of the poor seen especially in the rural areas; deficit in basic infrastructure and education; communities lacking the political voice within the federal government especially in the area of addressing poverty where it is needed most; and growing deforestation as detrimental to these peoples’ way of life in the name of ‘national progress’. This sets the tone for exploring alternative ways to develop the state’s economy in a way that is sustainable and empowering. There is no denying that we live in a capitalist era where economic drivers and development are at the forefront of political affairs and is a dominant factor for getting things done. It is therefore essential that for there to be true and broad community empowerment; economically advantageous solutions need to be found to actually implement a lesser dependence on unsustainable development practices. This research also suggests in using strategic Tourism development as a political vehicle to provide impetus for such change, where particularly the Architect and architecture can play a significant role in.  It suggests architectural principles that can be applied to a given Tourism scheme - specifically in Sabah - that can help tilt this exploding sector to benefit and empower these poverty stricken communities, yet make smart business sense. Case studies are presented to illustrate how various Pro-poor Tourism initiatives in other countries have in some ways been successful, and in some ways not, and how recurring issues can be mitigated in Sabah’s context through architectural intervention.  As a design proposal, this research shows how ‘The Bornean Longhouse’ is a perfect piece of architecture that provides the foundation for integrating all these strategies mentioned, as well as the fact that it provides a marketable Tourism niche product for potential long-stay visitors. It is a piece of architecture that embodies the deep rooted values of these fading indigenous culture that if renewed – will bring a sense of cultural empowerment and pride back to these peoples. It also acts to provide an architectural solution to reinforce and empower these communities in light of dying traditions to an individualistic global culture; potential economic benefit through a more sustainable and evenly-distributed solution to economic growth; plus having the political support through the heavily backed Malaysian Tourism industry to explore a broad and effective empowerment scheme.</p>

scholarly journals What Drives the Private Innovation in Rural Areas? In-Depth Case Study of Slovak Rural Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Hrivnák Michal ◽  
Roháčiková Oľga ◽  
Schwarcz Pavol
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

Innovation and small fast-growing knowledge-intensive enterprises are often described as a potential engine for development of rural economies of the post-socialistic countries, struggling with problem of depopulation, decline of agriculture, monostructural economic base, overexploitation of natural resources and many others. However, we still know too little about, how private innovation emerge in underdeveloped space or how knowledge-intensive economic activities can successfully operate in small municipalities, providing almost non business services, basic infrastructure or potential for local networking. Thus, in this regional case study, we wanted to shed a light on a phenomenon of private innovation emergence in small rural settlements, provide baseline knowledge about motivation and determining factors of development of the innovative business in the rural, local economies. Special attention was devoted to examining the relationship between family entrepreneurship, residence of entrepreneur, interest to contribute to solution of local challenges and localization of knowledge-intensive business in rural municipality.

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