Spatial scaling of protected area influences on human demography and livelihoods in Botswana

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CLARE GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Long Time

SUMMARYA growing body of ‘people and parks’ literature examines the interactions between protected areas (PAs) and people who live around them. This study of Chobe National Park (Botswana), which has one of the largest concentrations of wildlife in Africa, highlights a PA's influence beyond its buffer zone and provides a more detailed understanding of the complex dynamics within a PA buffer. Overall net population growth in the areas adjacent to Chobe National Park (hereafter referred to as the ‘buffer’ area) does not preclude outmigration from certain Park buffer areas where declining agricultural opportunities have pushed working-age residents in search of work to urban areas around and beyond the Park. At the same time, skilled workers have moved to some of these rural Park buffer villages to take advantage of new civil service positions. The PA also influences long-time rural dwellers’ social and economic exchanges with urban kin and exacerbates dependence relations, placing economic strain upon urban migrants. In this way, the economic and social effects of PAs are neither uniform across their borders nor limited to those borders. These outcomes have important implications for biodiversity conservation in rural areas as they suggest that population growth may not be an accurate proxy for threats to biodiversity, if new and long-term residents come to rely on less resource-intensive livelihood practices.

scholarly journals Returning home to die: Circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Clark ◽  
Mark A. Collinson ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
Kyle Drullinger ◽  
Stephen M. Tollman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Terminal Illness ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Working Age

Aim: To examine the hypothesis that circular labour migrants who become seriously ill while living away from home return to their rural homes to convalesce and possibly to die. Methods: Drawing on longitudinal data collected by the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system in rural northeastern South Africa between 1995 and 2004, discrete time event history analysis is used to estimate the likelihood of dying for residents, short-term returning migrants, and long-term returning migrants controlling for sex, age, and historical period. Results: The annual odds of dying for short-term returning migrants are generally 1.1 to 1.9 times (depending on period, sex, and age) higher than those of residents and long-term returning migrants, and these differences are generally highly statistically significant. Further supporting the hypothesis is the fact that the proportion of HIV/TB deaths among short-term returning migrants increases dramatically as time progresses, and short-term returning migrants account for an increasing proportion of all HIV/TB deaths. Conclusions: This evidence strongly suggests that increasing numbers of circular labour migrants of prime working age are becoming ill in the urban areas where they work and coming home to be cared for and eventually to die in the rural areas where their families live. This shifts the burden of caring for them in their terminal illness to their families and the rural healthcare system with significant consequences for the distribution and allocation of health care resources.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence in Tamil Nadu through India's two COVID waves: Evidence on antibody decline following infection and vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Selvavinayagam ◽  
Anavarathan Somasundaram ◽  
Jerard Maria Selvam ◽  
Sabareesh Ramachandran ◽  
Sampath P. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
State Level ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Tamil Nadu State ◽  
Antibody Decline

Three rounds of population-representative serological studies through India's two COVID waves (round 1, 19 October-30 November 2020; round 2, 7-30 April 2021; and round 3, 28 June-7 July, 2021) were conducted at the district-level in Tamil Nadu state (population 72 million). State-level seroprevalence in rounds 1, 2 and 3 were 31.5%, 22.9%, and 67.1%. Estimated seroprevalence implies that at least 22.6 and 48.1 million persons were infected by the 30 November 2020 and 7 July 2021. There was substantial variation across districts in the state in each round. Seroprevalence ranged from 11.1 to 49.8% (round 1), 7.9 to 50.3% (round 2), and 37.8 to 84% (round 3). Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 74.8% v. 64.1% in round 3). Females had similar seroprevalence to males (30.8 v. 30.2% in round 1, 67.5 v. 65.5% in round 3). While working age populations (age 40-49: 31.6%) had significantly higher seroprevalence than the youth (age 18-29: 30.4%) or elderly (age 70+: 26.5%) in round 1, only the gap between working age (age 40-49: 66.7%) and elderly (age 70+: 59.6%) remained significant in round 3. Seroprevalence was greater among those who were vaccinated for COVID (25.7% v. 20.9% in round 2, 80.0% v. 62.3% in round 3). While the decline in seroprevalence from rounds 1 to 2 suggests antibody decline after natural infection, we do not find a significant decline in antibodies among those receiving at least 1 dose of COVID vaccine between rounds 2 and 3.

scholarly journals Natural Geography and Patterns of Local Population Growth and Decline in Spain: 1960–2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelheid Holl
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality ◽  
Growth Variation

This paper analyzes the role of natural geography for explaining local population change patterns. Using spatially detailed data for Spain from 1960 to 2011, the estimation results indicated that natural geography variables relate to about half of the population growth variation of rural areas and more than a third of the population growth variation of urban areas during this period. Local differences in climate, topography, and soil and rock formation as well as distance to aquifers and the coast contribute to variations in local population growth patterns. Although, over time, local population change became less related to differences in natural geography, natural geography is still significantly related to nearly a third of the variation in local population change in rural areas and the contribution of temperature range and precipitation seasonality has even increased. For urban areas, weather continues to matter too, with growth being higher in warmer places.

scholarly journals AGE COMPOSITION CHANGES OF RIGA AGGLOMERATION RING

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Toms Skadins
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Shed Light

Over the course of several previous decades the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe have experienced notable population disposition and composition changes in the vicinity of large cities. Despite this, age composition related studies have rarely paid attention to changes within these city regions. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on age composition changes of Riga agglomeration ring. For this study official statistical data, along with population ageing index is utilized. Changes are studied for the entire ring and its structures of urban and rural areas for the years 2000, 2011 and 2020. Results indicated that, despite a decrease, the 25-44 year old age group remained the most populous. 15-24 year old group had the largest decrease. Pre-working age and the two oldest groups were the ones which had tended to increase the most in comparison to situation in 2000. However, ring and urban areas first saw a decrease of pre-working age population leading up to 2011, followed by a more notable growth. Population ageing index values showed that for all territory types population ageing had slowed after 2011. Also, urban areas of Riga agglomeration have been ageing more rapidly than rural ones. This study was supported by National Research Program Project grant number VPP-IZM-2018/1-0015. 

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Determinants of Malaria in Selected Urban and Rural Areas in Anambra State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
C. C. Nduka ◽  
H. N. Chineke ◽  
P. O. Adogu ◽  
A. F. Chizoba
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Malaria, a disease of poverty, is of significant public health concern. It is endemic in Nigeria with the risk of transmission appearing to be high because of favorable climatic and environmental factors. Increased susceptibility to malaria has also been linked to dirty surroundings that favor the breeding and propagation of the vector, poor access to quality health care and ignorance especially of malaria prevention strategies. However, this study investigated the role of socioeconomic factors responsible for the observed difference in malaria prevalence between selected rural and urban areas of Anambra, Nigeria. A descriptive comparative cross-sectional study, data on demographic and socioeconomic variables were collected from 202 urban and rural respondents, then analyzed using SPSS platform to generate chi-square test of significance. The results were presented in figures, table and charts for clarity. All the subjects were aware of the term malaria but only 63.4% had adequate specific knowledge of malaria. Generally, 25.7% of rural participants had no formal education while the urban group had only 4% of that particular category. About 52.5% of rural participants earned below 50,000 naira monthly, with 14.9% earning above 100,000 naira while the reverse was the case in the urban area. Also, the number of malaria episodes was inversely proportional to the household monthly income (X2=24.30, p<0.001). More episodes of malaria were also reported among the unskilled workers and skilled workers (71.3%) compared to Professionals (28.7%), yet all the participants reported the presence of a healthcare facility <3km from their houses with 95% and 80.2% of them in the rural and urban areas respectively having to pay out-of-pocket for healthcare services. It is clear that socioeconomic factors play a role in the persistence of malaria as an endemic disease in Nigeria. Therefore, existing control measures should incorporate strategies to end poverty and ignorance especially among the rural populace.

scholarly journals Demographics and the Housing Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (192) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Hashimoto ◽  
Gee Hee Hong ◽  
Xiaoxiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Policy Measures

How does a shrinking population affect the housing market? In this study, drawing on Japan’s experience, we find that there exists an asymmetric relationship between housing prices and population change. Due to the durability of housing structures, the decline in housing prices associated with population losses is estimated to be larger than the rise in prices associated with population increases. Given that population losses have been and are projected to be more acute in rural areas than urban areas in Japan, the on-going demographic transition in Japan could worsen regional disparities, as falling house prices in rural areas could intensify population outflows. Policy measures to promote more even population growth across regions, and avoid the over-supply of houses, are critical to stabilize house prices with a shrinking population.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in Bangladesh

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Fakhruzzaman Shaheed ◽  
Siddhartha Paul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Land Area

The People's Republic of Bangladesh is located in South Asia. The total land area of Bangladesh is 147570 km2. Its total population in 2001 was about 123 million. The population growth rate is 1.47%; of the total population, 75% live in rural areas and 25% in urban areas (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2000).

scholarly journals Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Collinson ◽  
Stephen M. Tollman ◽  
Kathleen Kahn
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
World Population ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration

Background: World population growth will be increasingly concentrated in the urban areas of the developing world; however, some scholars caution against the oversimplification of African urbanization noting that there may be ``counterurbanization'' and a prevailing pattern of circular rural—urban migration. The aim of the paper is to examine the ongoing urban transition in South Africa in the post-apartheid period, and to consider the health and social policy implications of prevailing migration patterns. Methods: Two data sets were analysed, namely the South African national census of 2001 and the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system. A settlement-type transition matrix was constructed on the national data to show how patterns of settlement have changed in a five-year period. Using the sub-district data, permanent and temporary migration was characterized, providing migration rates by age and sex, and showing the distribution of origins and destinations. Findings: The comparison of national and sub-district data highlight the following features: urban population growth, particularly in metropolitan areas, resulting from permanent and temporary migration; prevailing patterns of temporary, circular migration, and a changing gender balance in this form of migration; stepwise urbanization; and return migration from urban to rural areas. Conclusions: Policy concerns include: rural poverty exacerbated by labour migration; explosive conditions for the transmission of HIV; labour migrants returning to die in rural areas; and the challenges for health information created by chronically ill migrants returning to rural areas to convalesce. Lastly, suggestions are made on how to address the dearth of relevant population information for policy-making in the fields of migration, settlement change and health.

scholarly journals PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL TOURISM IN VILLAGES OF BOLKAR MOUNTAIN, EXAMPLE OF MADENKÖY

2015 ◽  
pp. 539-552
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Logistic Support ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mountain Villages

In 1950, 75% of the total population of the country was living in rural areas, whereas this ratio has declined to 8.2% in 2014 due to migration to urban areas. Particularly in the mountain villages, where health, communication and transportation services have not been sufficiently utilized, the inclination to migrate has been continuing at an escalating rate for individuals in the working age, leading to the collapse of socio-cultural and economical structure. In the mountain villages, there is a need for new sustainable fields of business operable within the four seasons of the year that do not require costly investments and an educated workforce; provide business opportunities to local women; contribute to preservation of the socio-cultural structural, natural and cultural heritage;cause no concretion and land consumption. In this study, development of proposals is aimed to conduct rural tourism in Ulukışla-Madenköy, a location possessing the qualities to provide an ideal four seasons accommodation and logistic support to any kind of activity made by the domestic and foreign visitors of Bolkar mountains during their arrivals and departures.As a research method "SWOT" and "Resources and Physical Condition" analysis techniques were used. Studies were mostly conducted through site researches. Proposals were developed for development of Madenköy through implementation of sustainable rural tourism in this area. The results clearly demonstrate that Madenköy possesses the qualities to create a high level demand in four seasons from the viewpoint of the tourists. As a means to sustain the rural tourism activities, "Conservation plan" and ―The rural tourism management and development plan," must be prepared and ―Sustainable carrying capacity of region" must be continuously monitored.

scholarly journals Anthropophytes in the flora of different spatial units within old rural settlements of the Lubuskie Lakeland, western Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jasińska ◽  
Andrzej Brzeg ◽  
Maria Wojterska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Landscape Units

AbstractStudies of the flora of villages in a connection with the surrounding landscape are rare and mostly limited to the built-up area and its general location in a geographical region. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the diversity patterns of flora against the background of local landscape units in the rural areas and to analyse them in the context of village transformation. The study comprised 30 villages of medieval origin representing the oval-shape type, with differently preserved structure of built-up area and cultivated fields, located in the Lubuskie Lakeland. The terrain within a buffer zone of 200 m in width, located outside of the built-up area, was divided into spatial complexes. In each of these complexes, floristic lists were compiled. The structure of surrounding landscape within the buffer zone of 1 km in width, measuring from the village centroid, was analysed using ArcGIS.The recorded flora comprised 767 taxa of spontaneously occurring vascular plants. Extremely rare and common species were the most numerous. Native species distinctly prevailed over alien in all types of spatial complexes and the majority of them occurred in the habitats transformed by man. There were noted altogether 244 species of anthropophytes.The index of anthropophytization of flora (WAnt) showed that both types of built-up areas (transformed and non-transformed) reached the highest values, slightly higher than fields and central green. Index of flora modernization (WM) showed the same pattern. Only water bodies were strikingly different from other complexes in respect to both indices (WAnt - significantly lower values, while WM - much higher). Differences in the floristic composition of transformed and non-transformed villages were not significant at the level of whole village. The villages were still harbouring rare species from the group of relics of former cultivation and archaeophytes, but observations conducted since 2007 confirmed that they have been decreasing in number. The percentage of groups of species with different affinity toward urban areas have shown that in the studied rural areas, the share of urbanophilic species is still very low as compared to the dominant group of urbanoneutral and moderately urbanophobic species.

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