XRF and PIXE Analysis of light and Dark Adapted Ocular Tissue

During photoexcitation the retina requires specific electrolytes and trace metals for optimal function (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, S, P, Cu and Zn). According to Hagins (1981), photoexcitation and generation of a nerve impulse involves the movement of Ca from the rhodopsin-ladened membranes of the rod outer segment (ROS) to the plasmalemma, which in turn decreases the in-flow of Na into the photoreceptor, resulting in hyperpolarization. In toad isolated retinas, the presence of Ba has been found to increase the amplitude and prolong the delay of the light response (Brown and Flaming, 1978). Trace metals such as Cu, Zn and Se are essential for the activity of the metalloenzymes of the retina and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) (i.e. carbonic anhydrase, retinol dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase...). Therefore the content and fluctuations of these elements in the retina and choroid are of fundamental importance for the maintenance of vision. This paper presents elemental data from light and dark adapted frog ocular tissues examined by electron beam induced x-ray microanalysis, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and proton induced x-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE).

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RBS and PIXE Analysis of Alteration Layers on Waste Glass in a Leaching Test Under Reducing Condition

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-333-579 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 333 ◽

Author(s):

Kaoru Sasakawa ◽

Tsuyoshi Imakita ◽

Ryutaro Wada ◽

Fumio Matsuda

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Test ◽

Waste Glass ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Leaching Test ◽

Nitrogen Gas ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Glass Surfaces ◽

Reducing Condition

ABSTRACTA corrosion test of model waste glass was carried out with and without a carbon steel under reducing condition in a glove box purged with nitrogen gas, and then the characteristics of alteration layers of the glass were examined.On the glass surfaces corroded under reducing condition with carbon steel, a thick precipitated layer was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In this layer concentrated iron was observed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) and Rutherford Backseattering Spectrometry (RBS). Such a thick precipitated layer was not observed on the corroded glass under oxidizing conditions with and without carbon steel and reducing condition without carbon steel.

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Quantification and localization of trace metals in natural plankton cells using a synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) ◽

10.1051/jp4:20030117 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 104 ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. S. Twining ◽

S. B. Baines ◽

N. S. Fisher ◽

C. Jacobsen ◽

J. Maser

Keyword(s):

Trace Metals ◽

X Ray

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Imaging and quantification of trace metals in thin biological specimens using microprobe techniques: Synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence microprobe and nuclear microprobe

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) ◽

10.1051/jp4:200300090 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 104 ◽

pp. 321-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

T. Pinheiro ◽

L. C. Alves ◽

A. Barreiros ◽

F. Araujo ◽

S. Bohic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Metals ◽

Nuclear Microprobe ◽

X Ray

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Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques to Evaluate TiO2 NPs Incorporation, Speciation, and Impact on Root Cells Ultrastructure of Pisum sativum L. Plants

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11040921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 921

Author(s):

Simonetta Muccifora ◽

Hiram Castillo-Michel ◽

Francesco Barbieri ◽

Lorenza Bellani ◽

Monica Ruffini Castiglione ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Synchrotron Radiation ◽

Pisum Sativum ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Root Cells ◽

Tio2 Nps ◽

X Ray ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Transmission Electron

Biosolids (Bs) for use in agriculture are an important way for introducing and transferring TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to plants and food chain. Roots of Pisum sativum L. plants grown in Bs-amended soils spiked with TiO2 800 mg/kg as rutile NPs, anatase NPs, mixture of both NPs and submicron particles (SMPs) were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), synchrotron radiation based micro X-ray Fluorescence and micro X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (µXRF/µXANES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). TEM analysis showed damages in cells ultrastructure of all treated samples, although a more evident effect was observed with single anatase or rutile NPs treatments. Micro-XRF and TEM evidenced the presence of nano and SMPs mainly in the cortex cells near the rhizodermis. Micro-XRF/micro-XANES analysis revealed anatase, rutile, and ilmenite as the main TiO2 polymorphs in the original soil and Bs, and the preferential anatase uptake by the roots. For all treatments Ti concentration in the roots increased by 38–56%, however plants translocation factor (TF) increased mostly with NPs treatment (261–315%) and less with SMPs (about 85%), with respect to control. In addition, all samples showed a limited transfer of TiO2 to the shoots (very low TF value). These findings evidenced a potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs present in Bs and accumulating in soil, suggesting the necessity of appropriate regulations for the occurrence of NPs in Bs used in agriculture.

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Distribution and Mode of Occurrence of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb in the Feed Coal, Fly Ash, Slag, in the Topsoil and in the Roots of Trees and Undergrowth Downwind of Three Power Stations in Poland

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11020133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Henryk R. Parzentny ◽

Leokadia Róg

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Atomic Emission ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽

X Ray ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Power Stations ◽

Mode Of Occurrence ◽

Feed Coal

It is supposed that the determination of the content and the mode of occurrence of ecotoxic elements (EE) in feed coal play the most significant role in forecasting distribution of EE in the soil and plants in the vicinity of power stations. Hence, the aim of the work was to analyze the properties of the feed coal, the combustion residues, and the topsoil which are reached by EE together with dust from power stations. The mineral and organic phases, which are the main hosts of EE, were identified by microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray methods. The highest content of elements was observed in the Oi and Oe subhorizons of the topsoil. Their hosts are various types of microspheres and char, emitted by power stations. In the areas of long-term industrial activity, there are also sharp-edged grains of magnetite emitted in the past by zinc, lead, and ironworks. The enrichment of the topsoil with these elements resulted in the increase in the content of EE, by between 0.2 times for Co; and 41.0 times for Cd in the roots of Scots pine, common oak and undergrowth, especially in the rhizodermis and the primary cortex and, more seldom, in the axle roller and cortex cells.

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Integrated quantitative PIXE analysis and EDX spectroscopy using a laser-driven particle source

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abc8660 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. eabc8660

Author(s):

F. Mirani ◽

A. Maffini ◽

F. Casamichiela ◽

A. Pazzaglia ◽

A. Formenti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Materials Science ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

Materials Analysis ◽

Particle Source ◽

X Ray ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Sample Structure ◽

Elemental Characterization

Among the existing elemental characterization techniques, particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy are two of the most widely used in different scientific and technological fields. Here, we present the first quantitative laser-driven PIXE and laser-driven EDX experimental investigation performed at the Centro de Láseres Pulsados in Salamanca. Thanks to their potential for compactness and portability, laser-driven particle sources are very appealing for materials science applications, especially for materials analysis techniques. We demonstrate the possibility to exploit the x-ray signal produced by the co-irradiation with both electrons and protons to identify the elements in the sample. We show that, using the proton beam only, we can successfully obtain quantitative information about the sample structure through laser-driven PIXE analysis. These results pave the way toward the development of a compact and multifunctional apparatus for the elemental analysis of materials based on a laser-driven particle source.

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The Effect of Mg and Zn Dopants on Pt/Al2O3 for the Dehydrogenation of Perhydrodibenzyltoluene

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11040490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 490

Author(s):

Rudaviro Garidzirai ◽

Phillimon Modisha ◽

Innocent Shuro ◽

Jacobus Visagie ◽

Pieter van Helden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Plug Flow ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Hydrogen Yield ◽

X Ray ◽

Temperature Programmed

The effects of Mg and Zn dopants on the catalytic performance of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst were investigated for dehydrogenation of perhydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT) as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier. Al2O3 supports were modified with Mg and Zn to produce Mg-Al2O3 and Zn-Al2O3 with a target loading of 3.8 wt.% for dopants. The modified supports were impregnated with chloroplatinic acid solution to produce the catalysts Pt/Al2O3, Pt/Mg-Al2O3 and Pt/Zn-Al2O3 of 0.5 wt.% Pt loading. Thereafter, the catalysts were characterised using inductively coupled plasma- optical emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, carbon-monoxide pulse chemisorption, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The dehydrogenation experiments were performed using a horizontal plug flow reactor system and the catalyst time-on-stream was 22 h. Pt/Mg-Al2O3 showed the highest average hydrogen flowrate of 29 nL/h, while an average of 27 nL/h was obtained for both Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/Zn-Al2O3. This has resulted in a hydrogen yield of 80% for Pt/Mg-Al2O3, 71% for Pt/Zn-Al2O3 and 73% for Pt/Al2O3. In addition, the conversion of H18-DBT ranges from 99% to 92%, Pt 97–90% and 96–90% for Pt/Mg-Al2O3, Pt/Zn-Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3, respectively. Following the latter catalyst order, the selectivity to dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT) ranges from 78% to 57%, 75–51% and 71–45%. Therefore, Pt/Mg-Al2O3 showed improved catalytic performance towards dehydrogenation of H18-DBT.

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Nanotechnology in Roman Opaque Red Glass from the 2nd Century AD. Archaeometric Investigation in Red Sectilia from the Decoration of the Lucius Verus Villa in Rome

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage2030159 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 2597-2611 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mario Bandiera ◽

Patrice Lehuédé ◽

Marco Verità ◽

Luis Alves ◽

Isabelle Biron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Second Step ◽

Colorimetric Analysis ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Colorimetric Measurements ◽

Shed Light

This work aims to characterise the chemical composition of Roman opaque red glass sectilia dated to the 2nd century A.D and to shed light on Roman glassmaking production of different shades of red, from red to reddish-brown. Due to the lack of technical historical sources for this period many questions about technological aspects still remain. In this project a multi-disciplinary approach is in progress to investigate the red glass sectilia with several red hues from the Imperial Villa of Lucius Verus (161–169 A.D.) in Rome. First, colorimetric measurements were taken to identify the various red hues. The second step was chemical characterization of the samples and the identification of crystalline colouring phases. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of these glass samples, while the crystalline phases were identified by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrons Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Using SEM-EDS nanoparticles were detected as a colouring agent, the chemical composition and the morphology of which has been studied in depth. This information has been compared with the colorimetric analysis to establish any correlation with the different colour hues.

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Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles for targeting carboplatin directed by radiation

International Journal of PIXE ◽

10.1142/s0129083518500043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (01n02) ◽

pp. 37-42

Author(s):

T. Segawa ◽

S. Harada ◽

S. Ehara ◽

K. Ishii ◽

T. Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Standard Error ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Clinical Cancer

Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared and their ability to release carboplatin was tested in vivo. Protamine–hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared by mixing protamine (1.6 mg) and hyaluronic acid (1.28 mg) into a 5 mg/mL carboplatin solution for 30 min at room temperature. A 1 mL solution of protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was poured into an ampule of COATSOME[Formula: see text] EL-010 (Nichiyu, Tokyo, Japan), shaken three times by hand, and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 min. Following that, 10 or 20 Gy of 100 kiloelectronvolt (KeV) soft X-ray was applied. The release of carboplatin was imaged using a microparticle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) camera. The amount of carboplatin released was expressed as the amount of platinum released and measured via quantitative micro-PIXE analysis. The diameter of the generated encapsulated particles measured [Formula: see text] nm (mean ± standard error). The release of carboplatin from the encapsulated protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was observed under a micro-PIXE camera. The amount of carboplatin released was [Formula: see text] under 10 Gy of radiation, and [Formula: see text] under 20 Gy of radiation, which was a sufficient dose for cancer treatment. However, 10 or 20 Gy of radiation is much greater than the dose used for clinical cancer treatment (2 Gy). Further research to reduce the radiation dose to 2 Gy in order to release sufficient carboplatin for cancer treatment is required.

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