Soil Solarization Controls Broomrapes (Orobanchespp.) in Host Vegetable Crops in the Jordan Valley

The effectiveness of soil solarization with black (BPE) and clear polyethylene mulches (CPE), 0.04 and 0.06 mm thick, respectively, was tested during the 1986 to 1990 growing seasons for controlling Egyptian broomrape, hemp broomrape and nodding broomrape in heavily infested fields. Solarization for 6 wk reduced or eliminated broomrape infestation and improved crop yields. The CPE started to show splitting and deterioration after 4 to 5 wk of solarization. The BPE lasted in usable conditions throughout the growing season. Deep soil tillage with the hand hoe, after solarization, caused broomrape to reappear. Crops grew best in plots after solarization with BPE if they were planted through the same mulch after it was perforated. Soil solarization with BPE or CPE in large tomato field trials, completely eliminated both nodding and hemp broomrapes during the growing season. However, greenhouse pot experiments indicated that solarization significantly reduced weed seedling numbers, but did not significantly reduce the dry weights of the broomrape plants that emerged in the soil samples taken from solarized plots.

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Evaluating Soil Solarization for Weed Control and Strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) Yield in Annual Plasticulture Production

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 455-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jayesh B. Samtani ◽

Jeffrey Derr ◽

Mikel A. Conway ◽

Roy D. Flanagan

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Weed Control ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Growing Season ◽

Field Studies ◽

Soil Solarization ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Weed Density ◽

Growing Seasons

Field studies were initiated in the 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons to evaluate the potential of soil solarization (SS) treatments for their efficacy on weed control and crop yields and to compare SS to 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)+chloropicrin (Pic) fumigation. Each replicate was a bed with dimension 10.6 m long by 0.8 m wide on top. The center 4.6 m length of each bed, referred to as plots, was used for strawberry plug transplanting and data collection. Treatments included: i) 1,3-D+Pic (39% 1,3-dichloropropene+59.6% chloropicrin) that was shank-fumigated in beds at 157 kg ha−1and covered with VIF on August 30 in both seasons; ii) SS for a 6 wk duration initiated on August 15, 2013 and August 21, 2014 by covering the bed with 1 mil clear polyethylene tarp; iii) SS for a 4wk duration initiated on September 6, 2013 and September 3, 2014; iv) SS 4 wk treatment initiated September 6, 2013 and September 3, 2014 and replaced with black VIF on October 4, 2013 and October 1, 2014 and v) a nontreated control covered with black VIF on October 4, 2013 and October 1, 2014. In both seasons, following completion of the preplant treatments, ‘Chandler’ strawberry was planted in two rows at a 36 cm in-row spacing in plots during the first wk of October. Over both seasons, the 6 wk SS treatment consistently lowered the weed density compared to the nontreated control. Weed density in the 6wk SS treatment was not statistically different from the 4wk SS treatments in the 2013-14 growing season. In both seasons, crop yield in the 4 wk SS was significantly lower than other treatments.

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Competition for nodule occupancy of introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in a Wisconsin soil with a low indigenous bradyrhizobia population

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m90-145 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 36 (12) ◽

pp. 839-845 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. J. McLoughlin ◽

S. Hearn ◽

S. G. Alt

Keyword(s):

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Growing Season ◽

Field Trials ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Nodule Occupancy ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Low Incidence ◽

One Year ◽

Successful Inoculation

The population dynamics of six introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains were measured over three growing seasons in a Wisconsin soil with a low incidence of indigenous B. japonicum (10 cells/gm). Four antibiotic-resistant members of the 123 serocluster (which were either spectinomycin resistant or streptomycin resistant), USDA 110, and USDA 138 were inoculated using liquid inoculum, at a rate of 1 × 108 cells per 2.5-cm row, on two soybean cultivars in 1985. Nodule occupants were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent antibodies, and antibiotic-resistant mutants. In the first growing season, 100% of the nodules were formed by the introduced strains. The nodules from the uninoculated plots were occupied by an indigenous 110 serogroup. In the second and the third season at the same site (without further inoculation), a high percentage (> 60%) of the nodules from all the plots were nodulated by the 123 serocluster (either alone or as mixed infections). However, < 25% of the nodules in the 123-inoculated plots and < 9% in the other plots were formed by any of the antibiotic-marked 123 inoculum strains introduced in 1985. The main conclusions are (i) that it is possible to successfully introduce inoculum strains in soils where the indigenous Bradyrhizobium population is low and to obtain 100% nodule occupancy in the first growing season, and (ii) that successful inoculation in one year in soils with a low incidence of Bradyrhizobium does not ensure that the introduced inoculum strains will form nodules in subsequent years. Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, indigenous bradyrhizobia, interstrain competition, field trials.

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The Quality of Carrot after Field Biostimulant Application and after Storage

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12041386 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jarosław Pobereżny ◽

Małgorzata Szczepanek ◽

Elżbieta Wszelaczyńska ◽

Piotr Prus

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Growing Season ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Single Application ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Nitrate And Nitrite ◽

And Storage ◽

Nitrite Content

The carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a staple vegetable in human nutrition in Europe. In recent years, the use of biostimulants in vegetable crops has become a way to affect the quantity and quality of yields. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the type and methods of biostimulant (natural seaweed extract Kelpak and synthetic Asahi) application on the nitrates and nitrites content in carrot roots after harvest and storage. The study was based on a strict field experiment with carrot cv. ′Karotan′, conducted in Poland (53°13′N; 17°51′E) in three successive growing seasons and after six months of storage (RH 95%, and air temperature +1 °C). The biostimulants were applied during the growing season in a foliar form. The content of NO3ˉ and NO2ˉ in carrot after harvest depended on the dose and the date of biostimulant application. The single application of biostimulant Kelpak as well as two times of Asahi had no effect on the nitrate and nitrite content, while the application of Kelpak in a total dose of 6 or 7 dm3 ha−1 increased them. The maximum intake of nitrates and nitrites following the harvest and storage was, respectively, 7.1, 2.3% and 6.7, 2.1% of the ADI.

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Molecular diagnosis of phytoplasma infection in some Moldavian tomato varieties

VEGETABLE CROPS OF RUSSIA ◽

10.18619/2072-9146-2020-4-88-92 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 88-92

Author(s):

A. G. Bahsiev ◽

I. A. Zamorzaeva ◽

N. I. Mihnea

Keyword(s):

Molecular Diagnosis ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Growing Season ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Wild Form ◽

Solanum Habrochaites ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Tomato Field ◽

Phytoplasma Infection

Relevance. The use of molecular methods allows reliable and fast determination of the resistance of genotypes (varieties) to pathogens, thereby reducing possible product losses and, at the same time, maintaining its environmental safety. It is very important in conditions of increasing demand for high-quality agricultural production. Aim: Using molecular diagnosis of ʹCandidatus Phytoplasma solaniʹ to compare the degree of infection in some Moldavian tomato varieties at different stages of plant development.Material and methods. The molecular analysis (nested-PCR) of plants of the four Moldavian tomato varieties (Elvira, Cerasus, Mary Gratefully, Desteptarea) created at the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, and the wild formSolanum habrochaites, was carried out for the presence of the phytopathogen ʹCa. P. solaniʹ. Researches were made during two growing seasons. Results. The distribution of infection between the studied varieties was different in the process of plants development. The spread of infection in the tomato field was recorded under the climatic conditions of two growing seasons: the season of 2018, which was hot but with normal rains in the middle of summer, and the season of 2019, in conditions of a very hot and dry summer. During both seasons, Cerasus variety manifested the highest resistance to ʹCa. P. solaniʹ infection. A little more than half of plants of this variety were affected by stolbur only at the end of the growing season, after harvesting most of the crop. Varieties Elvira and Desteptarea had similar levels of infection of plants with phytoplasma during two years of research. These varieties manifested a higher sensitivity to phytoplasma infection compared with Cerasus. Mary Gratefully was the genotype with the highest dependence of the sensitivity toʹCa. P. solaniʹ infection from the climatic conditions of the growing season. Plants of the wild form Solanum habrochaites demonstrated complete immunity to phytoplasma infection during the growing season. Conclusion.The Cerasus variety, as well as the wild form Solanum habrochaites, can be recommended for including in breeding programs for the creating tomato varieties or hybrids resistant to phytoplasma. Thus, molecular diagnosis may be a useful tool for the breeding resistant genotypes.

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Selective and effective control of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) in chickpea with granular pendimethalin

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.30 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (04) ◽

pp. 586-594

Author(s):

Yaakov Goldwasser ◽

Onn Rabinovitz ◽

Elad Hayut ◽

Hadar Kuzikaro ◽

Moshe Sibony ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Yields ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Field Trials ◽

Effective Control ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Plant Parasite ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Main Effect ◽

Agricultural Regions

AbstractField dodder is an obligatory stem and leaf plant parasite that causes significant damage in field and vegetable crops in all agricultural regions of the globe. Selective and effective measures to control the parasite are extremely limited. In recent studies, we have shown that granular formulations of dinitroaniline cell division–inhibiting herbicides applied after crop establishment and before dodder germination fit our dodder control strategy and kill the parasite effectively and selectively. The aim of our study conducted from 2014 to 2018 was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of granular pendimethalin for dodder control in chickpea under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Petri dish experiments revealed that the herbicide reduces dodder seed germination while its main effect is a restriction of shoot elongation. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the inhibition and distortion of dodder shoot growth impede shoot twining and prevent attachment to the host plant. In dose–response experiments conducted in the greenhouse, we observed that half the recommended rate of granular pendimethalin provides efficient dodder control with no damage to chickpea seedlings. In 3 yr of chickpea field trials, GPM applied across the seeding bed at the recommended rate resulted in high crop yields that were not significantly different from those observed for the untreated no-dodder control, while half of the recommended dose efficiently controlled dodder and other weeds with no damage to the crop, resulting in significantly increased chickpea yields and profitability. These studies indicate that GPM can provide efficient and selective dodder control in chickpea.

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CONCENTRATION CRITIQUE DES NITRATES DANS LES FEUILLES EN RAPPORT AVEC LE RENDEMENT ET LES RESIDUS DANS UNE CULTURE DE CHOUX

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps81-097 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 697-701

Author(s):

EMILE CHAMBERLAND

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Field Trials ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Soil Nitrate ◽

Nitrate Level ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Leaf Nitrate ◽

K Fertilization

The objectives of this work were to determine the nitrate-N concentrations related to maximum ball cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata L.) yield and corresponding to the lowest soil nitrate level. Accordingly, field trials were carried out comparing four rates of N, P and K fertilization at six sites during 1978–1979. A relation was found between leaf nitrate-N concentrations and cabbage yields when the heading stage was approximately reached, or about 33 and 43 days after transplanting early and late cultivars, respectively. Soil nitrate-N concentration in samples taken at different periods during the growing season were significantly related to the rates of applied N fertilizer (r = 0.20* to 0.60**). The increase in soil nitrate-N with N fertilization seemed, however, to be confined to a depth of 25 and 50 cm. Nitrate-N accumulation seems possible with a rate of 180 kg N/ha during some growing seasons.

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Use of Poultry Manure Combined with Soil Solarization as a Control Method for Meloidogyne incognita in Carnation

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-12-0080-re ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 990-996 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. M. Melero-Vara ◽

C. J. López-Herrera ◽

M. J. Basallote-Ureba ◽

A. M. Prados ◽

M. D. Vela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Control Method ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Growing Season ◽

Soil Solarization ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Effective Period

The effectiveness of a combination of soil solarization and poultry manure (raw or pelletized) amendments for the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was tested in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) crops grown in in-ground beds under plastic-covered greenhouse conditions in southern Spain. Our trials demonstrated that soil solarization alone did not provide sufficient control of root-knot nematode, because the carnation growing season in this region only partly coincides with the most effective period for solarization, resulting in an insufficient duration of treatment during a key period for effectiveness. Chemical fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin prior to planting was effective in reducing nematode population densities in soil. Its effects spanned 9 months after planting, resulting in acceptable crop yields. In comparison, the combination of soil solarization and raw or pelletized poultry manure was slightly less effective than chemical fumigation for control of this pathogen but crop yields after 9 months were similar. However, the higher root gall indices observed after 9 months, in comparison with chemically fumigated plots, indicated the need for a reapplication of the organic manure treatment at the start of each successive growing season.

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New Formulation of Clethodim/Adjuvant at Control of Grass Weeds for Soybean Crops

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i4.17036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Alan Serafini Betto ◽

Rafael Dysarz ◽

Rafaela Cinelli ◽

Rubens Antonio Polito ◽

Tamara Heck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Block Design ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

High Control ◽

New Formulation

The use of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides without the correct addition of an adjuvant is a major cause of inefficient poaceous weed control. As such, this study aimed to assess the efficiency of a new clethodim/adjuvant formulated mixture in postemergence weed control for soybean crops. Two field experiments were conducted in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing seasons. A randomized block design, consisting of ten treatments with four repetitions, was used. The treatments and doses were: clethodim (108 g a.i. ha-1) + Lanzar® (0.5%), clethodim (108 g a.i. ha-1) + Nimbus® (0.5%), clethodim/adjuvant formulation at doses of (84 g a.i. ha-1), (96 g a.i. ha-1), (108 g a.i. ha-1), (120 g a.i. ha-1), (132 g a.i. ha-1), and (144 g a.i. ha-1), and a control with and without weeding. The formulated clethodim/adjuvant mixture showed high control at 7 days after application (DAA) in the 2015/16 growing season. At 28 DAA, formulation doses of 108 g a.i. ha-1 and higher exhibited superior weed control and the highest crop yields. Therefore, the use of correct adjuvant or formulated mixture is essential to increase the efficiency of clethodim herbicide.

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Chemical control options for the dicamba resistant biotype of fathen (Chenopodium album)

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6808 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 287-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Rahman ◽

T.K. James ◽

M.R. Trolove

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Good Control ◽

Growing Season ◽

Field Trials ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Weed Cover ◽

Postemergence Herbicides ◽

Residual Control

Three field trials were conducted over two growing seasons to evaluate the efficacy of potential selective postemergence herbicides against dicamba resistant fathen (Chenopodium album) Results confirmed the presence of the biotype which tolerated dicamba up to 2400 g/ha eight times the recommended field rate Postemergence applications of bromoxynil pyridate nicosulfuron and mesotrione all showed equally good efficacy on both susceptible and resistant biotypes Flumetsulam provided good control in one of the three trials Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long term residual control in all trials with nicosulfuron also being more effective on grass weeds The 2400 g/ha rate of dicamba severely damaged the maize crop resulting in increased weed cover and reduced grain yield Numbers of viable fathen seeds in the soil at the end of the growing season remained similar to those recorded before planting except in plots that provided good control of fathen where numbers had dropped considerably

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(11) How Small Growers Can Help Vegetable Crops Survive Hurricanes: Tips We Didn't Want to Learn

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1063a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1063A-1063

Author(s):

Nancy E. Roe ◽

Darrin M. Parmenter

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Growing Season ◽

South Florida ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

What Works ◽

Hurricane Season ◽

Strong Winds ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

High Winds

The Atlantic hurricane season stretches from June to November, and the vegetable growing season in South Florida begins in August. This means that pre-plant, planting, and early harvesting operations are performed during hurricane season. Three major hurricanes striking our area during two consecutive growing seasons have helped to teach us how to give vegetable crops the best chance of survival. On a 4-ha farm growing diversified vegetable crops, there have been clear differences in crop survival. Tiny seedlings of most crops were generally killed by driving rains and strong winds. However, 7- to 10-cm-tall transplants in plastic cell trays survived surprisingly well when placed on the ground in an area that did not flood and was protected from flying debris. During the hurricane with the highest winds, large plants, such as tomatoes and squash, were defoliated. Even plants that survived defoliation and regrew were injured, so they were vulnerable to diseases later in the season. It actually appears to be best not to stake crops in extremely high winds. Staked and tied tomatoes often broke off at the top string. In winds of over 90 knots, unstaked eggplants fared best of any mature crops. They fell over immediately and, lying on the ground, were protected from the high winds. After the storm passed, they were pulled upright, staked and tied, and produced excellent yields. Sweet corn also fell over, but, over a period of a week, gradually returned to about a 45° angle where it produced about 30% of the normal yield. Of course, each hurricane has different characteristics; what works in one may not be the best during others. We are, however, hoping not to have a chance to learn more about how crops survive hurricanes.

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