Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera) Response to Repeated Exposure of Selected Sulfonylurea Herbicides and 2,4-D

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Bhatti ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Robert Parker
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Multiple Exposure ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Potential Use

‘Lemberger’ wine grape response was evaluated when chlorsulfuron, tribenuron, thifensulfuron, chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron, thifensulfuron plus tribenuron, and 2,4-D were applied up to three times at weekly intervals in 1992 and 1993 at rates simulating drift. All herbicides injured grapevines visibly. Symptoms increased and total leaf area and grape pruning weight decreased as the herbicide rate and number of applications increased. Grapevines generally recovered within 45 to 60 d from symptoms caused by single exposures to low levels of sulfonylurea herbicides. Multiple exposures of grapevines to 2,4-D, tribenuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron at 1/100 of the maximum use rate for wheat caused the greatest injury, which persisted throughout the entire growing season and reduced pruning weight. Based on potential use rate, the order of herbicide phytotoxicity was 2,4-D > tribenuron > chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron > thifensulfuron plus tribenuron > chlorsulfuron > thifensulfuron. Rates that slightly injured grapevines did not reduce growth as measured by pruning weight. However, multiple exposure to high rates of 2,4-D, tribenuron, and chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron adversely affected growth.

Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera) Response to Fall Exposure of Simulated Drift from Selected Herbicides

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Bhatti ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Robert Parker
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Cane Weight ◽  
Fall Application

‘Lemberger’ wine grape response to fall application of selected herbicides applied at simulated drift rates was studied in 1992 and 1993. Chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, 2,4-D, glyphosate, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D plus glyphosate were applied at 1/100, 1/33, 1/10, and 1/3 of a selected maximum rate for use in wheat or fallow. All herbicides, except bromoxynil and thifensufluron, caused symptoms on grapevines at the highest rate during the spring following fall application. The most severe symptoms were caused by 2,4-D and 2,4-D plus glyphosate, whereas the least symptoms were caused by chlorsulfuron and glyphosate. The severity of symptoms increased and shoot growth, leaf area, internode length, and dry cane weight decreased as the rates of 2,4-D and 2,4-D plus glyphosate increased. Chlorsulfuron and glyphosate reduced the growth of grapevines only when applied at the highest rate during the fall. The data show that exposure of wine grapes to 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus glyphosate during the fall can adversely affect the growth of grapevines the following spring.

scholarly journals Influence of Wine Grape Cultivars on Growth and Leaf Blade and Petiole Mineral Nutrients

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Bahman Shafii ◽  
Jeffrey C. Stark ◽  
Bahar Fallahi ◽  
Saad L. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Cane growth, leaf blade area, blade and petiole fresh and dry weights and mineral nutrients of six grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars were evaluated in 2000 and 2001 under climatic conditions of southwestern Idaho. The cultivars were: `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', `Chardonnay 29', `Merlot 01', and `Sangiovese 04'. No differences were found in cane growth of different cultivars. `Sangiovese 04' and `Merlot 01' had larger leaf area and heavier leaves (both blades and petioles) and higher concentrations of blade nitrogen (N), while `Merlot 01' and `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole nitrate-N than all other cultivars. `Merlot 01' had relatively the highest potassium (K) concentrations in both blade and petiole tissues. `Chardonnay 29' had lower concentration of calcium (Ca) and `Sangiovese 04' had lower concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in both blade and petiole tissues than other cultivars although differences were not always significant. `Barbera 02' had higher blade iron (Fe) and tended to have higher blade copper (Cu) than other cultivars. However, `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole Fe than `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', and `Sangiovese 04'. `Merlot 01' had higher blade manganese (Mn) than `Sangiovese 04'.

Leaf area differences associated with old-growth forest communities in the western Oregon Cascades

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Gholz ◽  
Franklin K. Fitz ◽  
R. H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Oregon Cascades ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Total leaf area varied from 20 to 42 m2/m2 in 250- to 450-year-old forest communities developed under different temperature and moisture conditions. The largest values were in communities at midelevations where winter snowpack accumulated and growing-season temperatures were cool. Shrub and herb leaf area varied from 3% to 14% of the total. Equations for converting from foliage biomass to surface area are included for most species encountered.

scholarly journals Nondestructive Methods to Estimate Leaf Area in Vitis vinifera L.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Montero ◽  
J.A. de Juan ◽  
A. Cuesta ◽  
A. Brasa
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Maximum Width

The importance of rapid, nondestructive, and accurate measurements of leaf area (LA) in agronomic and physiological studies is well known, but a search of the literature revealed little information available for grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The results described herein include a comparison of 12 different mathematical models for estimating leaf area in `Cencibel'. The simplest, most accurate regression equations were: LAi = 0.587 LW (R2 = 0.987) and LAi = 0.588 LW (R2 = 0.994), where LAi is leaf area measured using image analysis and LW is leaf length × maximum width. Use of maximum width (W), leaf length (L), petiole length (Lp), and dry weight of leaves (DML) as single variables in the regression equations were not as closely associated with total leaf area, although their R2 values were also highly significant.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Brenda Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Coffee Tree ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Tree Transpiration

Abstract Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.

Effect of living mulch on physiological and biochemical parameters of cherry leaves and fruits with organic growing technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
T. Gerasko
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Spontaneous Vegetation ◽  
The Difference

In organic sweet cherry (Prunus avium L./Prunus mahaleb) orchard standard mechanical cultivation was compared with living mulch – spontaneous vegetation cover. Since 2013 the experimental orchard has been maintained with two different orchard floor management systems: standard mechanical cultivation (MC) – one discing at a 15 cm depth + manual weeding during the growing season was compared with living mulch (LM) – spontaneous vegetation cover. The natural vegetation of grasses was mowed 4 times during the growing season and the clippings were left on the ground for decomposition. Any other management was identical in each treatment. Synthetic fertilizers and chemical plant protection products were not used. It was established that total moisture content of the leaves was significantly reduced under LM (over 2 years) or did not differ significantly from MC (1 year). The water-retaining ability of the leaves did not differ significantly between LM and MC (2 years) or was higher in the conditions of LM (1 year). The total leaf area at the beginning of the study (1 year) was larger in MC conditions. In the following year, the difference between LM and MC was insignificant. In 2019, the total leaf area was significantly larger in the conditions of LM. An increase in the total leaf area under LM conditions led to a significant decrease in the specific surface density of the leaves, the accumulation of chlorophylls in them, and a decrease in the ratio of chlorophylls (a/b) due to an increase in the content of chlorophyll b (compared to the MC conditions). The difference in fruit size parameters, average weight of the fruits, total soluble solids, total sugars, titratable acidity, sugar-acid index were insignificant between LM and MC. Ascorbic acid and total anthocyanins content of sweet cherry fruit was significantly increased under LM conditions compared to MC. The results show that cherry trees gradually adapt to coexistence with natural herbs and, during stress, accumulate more physiologically active substances in the fruit. Key words: sweet cherry, organic orchard, living mulch, total leaf area, specific leaf density, chlorophylls, fruit size, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins.

scholarly journals Silicate and phosphate combinations for marandu palisadegrass growing on an oxisol

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Pereira de Melo ◽  
Francisco Antonio Monteiro ◽  
Daniel Manfredini
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Low Concentrations

One of the greatest problems for pasture establishment and maintenance are the extremely low concentrations of available phosphorus in soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences on productive and physiologic attributes during Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) establishment, following changes in phosphorus availability in the soil through the applications of phosphate and silicate. To achieve this, a fractionated factorial 5² design was used, with 13 combinations for silicon and phosphorus, respectively, in mg dm-3: 150 and 10; 150 and 170; 150 and 330; 225 and 90; 225 and 250; 300 and 10; 300 and 170; 300 and 330; 375 and 90; 375 and 250; 450 and 10; 450 and 170 and 450 and 330, distributed according to randomized blocks, with four replications. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using samples of a Typic Haplustox (760 g kg-1 sand, 40 g kg-1 silt and 200 g kg-1 clay). Wollastonite was used as the source of silicate and the sources of phosphorus were Ca(H2PO4)2, KH2PO4 and NaH2PO4. Marandu palisadegrass was grown during the summer and two harvests were made during the growing season. Significant interaction between phosphorus and silicate rates was found for the number of tillers and expanded green leaves, total leaf area, dry mass production of leaf laminae and culms with sheaths, and dry mass production of plant tops. Maximum responses of the analyzed variables were reached in the combination of the intermediate rates of phosphorus (170 and 250 mg dm-3) with high rates of silicon (375 and 450 mg dm-3).

scholarly journals 801 PB 103 BIOLOGY OF GRAPE PHYLLOXERA IN OREGON

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 548a-548
Author(s):  
Anne E. Connelly ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
Jeffrey Granett ◽  
Glenn Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
June July

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) was studied in three infested, self-rooted, European wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards in western Oregon. Bi-weekly sampling of infested roots at two depths (15-30 cm and 30-45 cm) was done during the growing season in 1992 and 1993. Centrifuged laboratory extractions of insects were seperated into life stages and counted. Results indicate hibernants emerged in April/May when soil temperatures varied from 8 to 21°C. Viable eggs were recovered in June/July. Alates and above ground crawlers were found on sticky trunk wraps in July/August. It appears there were three generations of phylloxera with the third being significantly smaller. Replicated laboratory colonies were reared at 5 temperatures (7, 10, 13, 16, 21 °C). Reproductive rates will be contrasted with field populations.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Leaf Component Allocation in Normal, Afila, and Afila-tendrilled Acacia Pea Foliage Near-isolines

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Goldman ◽  
E.T. Gritton
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Terminal Portion ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Significant Seasonal Variation ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Component Allocation

In pea (Pisum sativum L.) the af gene replaces leaflets with tendrils, and the tac gene restores small leaflets to the terminal portion of the tendrils of afaf plants. Normal (AfAf-TacTac), afila (afaf-TacTac), and afila-tendrilled acacia (afaf-tactac) near-isogenic lines in three genetic backgrounds were evaluated for 2 years in two locations to determine allocation of foliage area and weight of foliage components throughout the growing season. The percentage of total leaf area and weight due to stipule, tendril, leaflet, and tac leaflet were measured three times during the growing season in each environment. Highly significant foliage-type effects were detected for the percentage of leaf area and weight due to stipule and tendril at each sampling date. The pea leaf canopy exhibits large fluctuations in area and weight component allocation throughout the growing season. At 28 days after planting, stipules comprised 34%, 76%, and 53% of the total leaf area, and tendrils comprised 6%, 24%, and 13% of the total leaf area in normal, afila, and afila-tendrilled acacia types, respectively. At harvest, stipules composed 43%, 60%, and 53% of the total leaf area and tendrils composed 15%, 40%, and 22% of the total leaf area in normal, afila, and afila-tendrilled acacia types, respectively. Results from this study demonstrate that significant seasonal variation in allocations of foliage area and weight components exists among these three foliage types.

scholarly journals Occurrence, Biology and Harmfulness of Byctiscus betulae (L.) (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1601-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Urban
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Salix Caprea ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Pyrus Pyraster ◽  
Total Average

In 2012 and 2013, was studied the occurrence, biology and harmfulness ofByctiscus betulae(L.) (Rhynchitidae) on forest woody plants in the Brno region. Leaf rolls were found on 13 species (and 10 genera) of woody plants. Most frequently, they occurred onFagus sylvatica,Tiliaspp. (namely onT. cordata),Salix capreaandPopulus tremula. The beetles hibernate in ground pupal chambers and appear on woody plants in the last decade of April. After hibernation, females live on average seven (males five) weeks, and damage on average 40 (males 25) cm2of leaves. The females create leaf rolls on annual shoots they have gnawed, exceptionally (in 2%) on leaves with damaged petioles. In the rolls onF. sylvatica, they roll on average 5.6 leaves whose total average area is 49.5 cm2and lay on average 5.1 eggs. In the rolls onTiliaspp., they roll on average 3.3 leaves whose total area is 63.2 cm2and lay on average 4.9 eggs. In the rolls onS. caprea, they roll on average 3.3 leaves whose total area is 38.3 cm2and lay on average 3.5 eggs. The maximum number of laid eggs (on average 8.0) was observed in the leaf rolls onVitis vinifera. The average number of eggs in the leaf rolls was decreasing from May to July. The number of eggs was increasing with the increasing total leaf area rolled. The females lay on average 50 eggs. OnP. tremula,S. capreaandPyrus pyrasterthey create about 15 leaf rolls, onF. sylvaticaandTiliaspp. about 10 leaf rolls and onV. viniferaca. 8 leaf rolls. Embryogenesis lasts from 8 to 9 days. Larvae develop over 3 instars and damage ca. 300 mm2of leaves. Coming of age within 4−7 weeks, they leave the leaf rolls from mid-June to the beginning of September.

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