High prevalence of nasal carriage of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistantHaemophilus influenzaein healthy children in Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. BAE ◽  
J. H. LEE ◽  
S. K. LEE ◽  
J. Y. YU ◽  
S. H. LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Resistant Strains

SUMMARYThis study investigated the carriage of antimicrobial resistantHaemophilus influenzaein 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school at four intervals over a 9-month period in Seoul, Korea. Diverse colonization patterns and a lower level of long-term persistent carriage byH. influenzaestatus were evident in this study. ColonizingH. influenzaeisolates showed a high rate of resistance to β-lactams including ampicillin (51·9%), cefaclor (52·1%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (16·3%). Based on the ampicillin resistance mechanism,H. influenzaeisolates were categorized as β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-susceptible (BLNAS) (48·1%), β-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-resistant (BLPAR) (22·6%), β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) (22·8%), and β-lactamase-positive, amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant (BLPACR) strains (6·5%). This study provides the first evidence of a high prevalence (22·8%) of BLNAR strains ofH. influenzaenasal carriage in healthy children attending kindergarten or the first 2 years of elementary school in Korea. The high carriage of these resistant strains in overcrowded urban settings may create reservoirs for development ofH. influenzae-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Seroconversion rates following 2 doses of measles- mumps- rubella vaccination given at the ages 12 and 18 months: data for possible additional dose at older age

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Sayed Jaber Mousavi ◽  
Hiva Saffar ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
Gholam-Reza Ghorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Iranian Children ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Infant Pair

Abstract Background Despite high rate of vaccination coverage with 2-doses of measles containing vaccine among Iranian children, outbreaks of measles occurred among different age groups and fully vaccinated subjects. Although the main reason for these outbreaks is unknown, however, vaccine failure was supposed to be an important cause. This study was designed to determine the seroconversion rates to measles- mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine currently in use among Iranian children. Methods This prospective study was conducted among healthy children older than 12 months who were candidates of scheduled MMR vaccination. Blood samples were obtained from each mother- infant pair just before vaccination, and from infants 4–6 weeks after MMR1 and MMR2 immunization. Collected sera were tested for specific lgG antibodies against MMR agents using ELISA method. The proportion of seroprotected subjects among mother- infant pairs before vaccination as well as the prevalence rates of seroconversion after MMR1 and MMR2 vaccination were calculated. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results During 22-months study period, 92 mother- infant pairs were participated. Seroimmunity rates against MMR viruses were 85.8%, 84.7% and 86.9% for mothers, and 3.2%, 2.1% and 1.0% for children, respectively. After MMR1 vaccination from 52 seronegative children, 80.7%, 78.8% and 75% were seroconverted. These rates increased to 94.8%, 89.7% and 94.8% after the MMR2 vaccination. Also, the specific immunity was enhanced among seropositive children. Conclusion Majority of the mothers and few infants were immune to MMR viruses prior to MMR1 vaccination. Immune responses detected after MMR1 injection, and overall seroconversion rates achieved after 2-doses of MMR vaccination were less than expected and inadequate to preserve long-term protection against MMR agents.

scholarly journals Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Therapy Increases Childhood Nasal Colonization by Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains Producing High Levels of Penicillinase

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 4618-4623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Guillemot ◽  
Stephane Bonacorsi ◽  
John S. Blanchard ◽  
Philippe Weber ◽  
Sylvie Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT We examined factors associated with penicillinase production by nasal carriage Staphylococcus aureus strains in 648 children aged 3 to 6 years attending 20 randomly sampled playschools. The children were prospectively monitored for drug use and medical events for 6 months and were then screened for S. aureus carriage. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to penicillin G and methicillin, and penicillinase production by methicillin-susceptible, penicillin-resistant strains was quantified. S. aureus was isolated from 166 children (25.6%). Exposure to amoxicillin-clavulanate during the previous 3 months was associated with higher penicillinase production by penicillin-resistant, methicillin-susceptible strains (odds ratio, 3.6; P = 0.03). These results suggest that use of the amoxicillin-clavulanate combination could induce a herd selection process of S. aureus strains producing higher levels of penicillinase.

Crystal structures of the closed form ofMycobacterium tuberculosisdihydrofolate reductase in complex with dihydrofolate and antifolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 682-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Augusto Ribeiro ◽  
Sair Maximo Chavez-Pacheco ◽  
Gabriel Stephani de Oliveira ◽  
Catharina dos Santos Silva ◽  
João Henrique Pimenta Giudice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Modes ◽  
New Information ◽  
Folate Pathway ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Infectious Pathogen ◽  
Very High ◽  
Conformation State

Tuberculosis is a disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosisand is the leading cause of death from a single infectious pathogen, with a high prevalence in developing countries in Africa and Asia. There still is a need for the development or repurposing of novel therapies to combat this disease owing to the long-term nature of current therapies and because of the number of reported resistant strains. Here, structures of dihydrofolate reductase fromM. tuberculosis(MtDHFR), which is a key target of the folate pathway, are reported in complex with four antifolates, pyrimethamine, cycloguanil, diaverdine and pemetrexed, and its substrate dihydrofolate in order to understand their binding modes. The structures of all of these complexes were obtained in the closed-conformation state of the enzyme and a fine structural analysis indicated motion in key regions of the substrate-binding site and different binding modes of the ligands. In addition, the affinities, throughKdmeasurement, of diaverdine and methotrexate have been determined; MtDHFR has a lower affinity (highestKd) for diaverdine than pyrimethamine and trimethoprim, and a very high affinity for methotrexate, as expected. The structural comparisons and analysis described in this work provide new information about the plasticity of MtDHFR and the binding effects of different antifolates.

scholarly journals Seroconversion rates following 2 doses of Measles- Mumps- Rubella Vaccination Given at the Ages 12 and 18 Months: Data for possible additional dose at older age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Sayed Jaber Mousavi ◽  
Hiva Saffar ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
Gholam-Reza Ghorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Iranian Children ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Infant Pair

Abstract Background. Despite high rate of vaccination coverage with 2-doses of measles vaccine among Iranian children, outbreaks of measles occurred among different age groups and fully vaccinated subjects. Although the main reason for these outbreaks is unknown, however, vaccine failure was supposed to be an important cause. This study was designed to determine the immunogenicity of measles- mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine currently in use among Iranian children.Methods. This prospective study was conducted among ³ 12 month- old healthy children who were candidates of scheduled MMR vaccination. Blood samples were obtained from each mother- infant pair just before vaccination, and from infants 4- 6 weeks after MMR1 and MMR2 immunization. Collected sera were tested for specific lgG antibodies against MMR agents using ELISA method. The proportion of seroprotected subjects among mother- infant pairs before vaccination as well as the prevalence rates of seroconversion after MMR1 and MMR2 vaccination were calculated. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results. During 22-months study period, 92 mother- infant pairs were participated. Seroimmunity rates against MMR viruses were 85.8%, 84.7% and 86.9% for mothers, and 3.2%, 2.1% and 1.0% for children, respectively. After MMR1 vaccination of 52 seronegative children, 80.7%, 78.8% and 75% were seroconverted. These rates increased to 94.8%, 89.7% and 92.3% after the MMR2 vaccination. Also, the specific immunity was enhanced among seropositive children.Conclusion. Majority of the mothers and few infants were immune to MMR viruses, prior to MMR1 vaccination. Seroconversion rates detected after MMR1 injection, and overall seroprotection rates achieved after 2-doses of MMR vaccination were less than expected and inadequate to preserve long-term protection against MMR agents.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Tel Aviv, Israel: Correlation with Response to Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1671-1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dan ◽  
Francesca Poch ◽  
Bracha Sheinberg
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT A survey of the drug susceptibilities of gonococcal isolates from 100 consecutive patients attending clinics in the Tel Aviv area of Israel during the period from February to September 2000 has shown a 61% rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (MICs, ≥1 μg/ml); 51 isolates were highly resistant (MICs, ≥4 μg/ml). Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were more prevalent among isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. Therapeutic failures with ciprofloxacin correlated with MICs of ≥1 mg/ml (P < 0.01). The high rate of ciprofloxacin resistance coinciding with a sharp rise in the incidence of gonorrhea precludes the use of fluoroquinolone drugs for the empirical treatment of gonococcal infections acquired in Israel.

scholarly journals High Rate of Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Children in Gipuzkoa, Northern Spain

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 1822-1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernández-Reyes ◽  
Diego Vicente ◽  
María Gomariz ◽  
Olatz Esnal ◽  
Joseba Landa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fecal Carriage ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
M 14

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producingEnterobacteriaceae(ESBLPE) was studied in stool samples from 125 8- to 16-month-old healthy children. Twenty-four percent of them and 10.7% of the 318 fecal samples studied yielded extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producingEscherichia coli, with the types being SHV-12, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, and TEM-52, the most common types of β-lactamases. This high prevalence of ESBLPE in healthy people, which is to our knowledge the highest currently reported in Europe, may represent a risk for increased infections by these organisms in the future.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Swedish nursing homes – as revealed in the SHADES study

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 1310-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. STARK ◽  
M. OLOFSSON ◽  
S. LÖFGREN ◽  
S. MÖLSTAD ◽  
P.-E. LINDGREN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Carriage Prevalence

SUMMARYKnowledge of carriage and population dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus is crucial for infection risk assessment and to reveal transmission patterns of strains. We report the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in elderly people (n = 290) living in nursing homes in three cities in the south of Sweden. The overall carriage prevalence rate was 48% when results from nares (31%) and throat (34%) samples were combined. Common spa types were equally distributed but a frequent type, t160, was found only in one of the regions. Carriage of different spa types was detected in 23% of individuals and antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in S. aureus isolates from those carrying more than one spa type. Five of the 21 individuals who carried different spa types were colonized simultaneously with resistant and non-resistant strains. Seventeen per cent of the individuals carried S. aureus of the same spa type on all occasions. Methicillin resistance was not detected. In conclusion we found a high prevalence of S. aureus in this elderly population with a high rate of dual colonization with different spa types. We also found signs of institutional spread of one strain.

Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among Vietnamese adults: prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility profile

MedPharmRes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phan ◽  
Hien Pham ◽  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Hoai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vietnamese Community

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

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