scholarly journals Francisella tularensis in muscle from diseased hares – a risk factor for humans?

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (16) ◽  
pp. 3449-3454 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. HESTVIK ◽  
H. UHLHORN ◽  
T. JINNEROT ◽  
S. ÅKERSTRÖM ◽  
F. SÖDERSTEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Game Species ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Sources Of Infection

SUMMARYTularemia caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic disease. Tularemia is a common disease in the hare, and as a game species can be an important source of infection for humans. In this study, hares diagnosed with tularemia were examined with the aim to investigate whether the muscle (meat) had any pathological changes and/or contained F. tularensis. Real-time PCR and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected the bacteria in muscle samples from 40 out of 43 investigated hares. IHC showed that bacteria were few and most commonly located in the peri- and endomysium. Histopathology showed occasional perimysial necroses and mild inflammation in association to the bacteria. Attempts to culture from 14 muscle samples were successful in two cases, both stored in the freezer <1 year. The result of this study shows that since F. tularensis is present in the muscle of infected hares, there is a risk for human infection when consuming undercooked hare meat. The risk is enhanced by the fact that some hares do not have easily detected gross lesions. The study contributes to a better understanding of sources of infection and risk factors for humans to contract tularemia.

scholarly journals Consumption of minas frescal cheese may be a source of human infection by Campylobacter jejuni

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Paz Monteiro ◽  
Roberta Torres de Melo ◽  
Eliane Pereira Mendonça ◽  
Priscila Christen Nalevaiko ◽  
Mariela Moura Carreon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Dairy Food ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and the consumption of dairy food can characterize sources of infection. We aimed to verify the viability and a presence of transcripts associated with characteristics of virulence and adaptation of C. jejuni isolated from Minas Frescal cheeses, produced with contaminated milk and stored under refrigeration for up to ten days. The samples were analyzed for bioindicators, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidity, moisture and sodium chloride. Campylobacter spp. recovered were evaluated for the production of transcripts of: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB. The results were correlated with the viability of C. jejuni and changes in their transcriptome. Storage at low temperatures reduced C. jejuni from the first to the fourth day. The variations in humidity, pH and acidity influenced the decreasing of C. jejuni. There was a reduction in transcripts' production of the four genes, more pronounced on the fourth day, indicating the inability of the microorganism to perform its metabolic activities, due to the conditions of injury. Despite the presence of mechanisms of virulence and adaptation, C. jejuni could not remain viable four days after production. However, consumption of fresh cheese contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni can be a source of infection when consumed up to four days after production.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shingo Asakura ◽  
George Makingi ◽  
Kunda John ◽  
Rudovick Kazwala ◽  
Kohei Makita
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Univariable Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analyses

Background: Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in Tanzania. This study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and its risk factors in agro-pastoral areas in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Methods: Questionnaire survey and blood sampling were conducted from January to February 2018 at four villages. Anyone living in the villages and wished to participate were involved. Competitive ELISA was used for diagnosis. Risk factor analysis for sero-positivity in human and analysis for the association of sero-positivity between cattle and human within each farm were conducted, using the data of farm-level bovine brucellosis status from our bovine brucellosis research performed in 2016. Results: The seroprevalence was 33.3% (44/132). In univariable analysis, the Maasai were significantly more sero-positive (56.5%) than other tribes (28.4%) (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.28–8.41). Drinking raw milk was a risk factor in both univariable and multivariable analyses (OR = 3.97, 95% CI: 1.61–10.20). A negative association between sero-positivity in cattle and human within each farm was found (p<0.01). The Maasai performed more risk-taking behaviours for human infection than other tribes: drinking raw milk (p<0.01) or blood (p<0.01) and helping delivery of cattle with bare hands (p=0.03). Conclusions: The Maasai were at high risk of human brucellosis. More detailed survey and educational interventions are urgently needed.

Migraine and Vascular Disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Kasja Rabe ◽  
Zaza Katsarava ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Patent Foramen Ovale ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Coagulation Abnormalities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Platelet Hyperaggregability

Migraine is a common disease that is considered to be a benign disorder. However, recently evidence was produced that migraineurs, especially those with aura, have an increased risk of stroke and cardiac disease. These patients have more cardiovascular risk factors, but migraine seems to bear a risk in itself. The pathophysiology is still unknown. Patients might have endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiac events. Other potential mechanisms include coagulation abnormalities and platelet hyperaggregability. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) that might lead to cardiac embolism is more often observed in migraineurs than in people without migraine. It is not yet known whether the disorders are genetically linked or whether a PFO is a risk factor for migraine with aura. This review examines the occurrence of stroke and cardiac events in migraineurs and discusses potential mechanisms.

Tularaemia

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Clinical Epidemiology ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Vector Borne

Tularaemia is a plague-like bacterial disease of animals (particularly rodents, hares, and rabbits) and man caused by five subspecies of Francisella. Two subspecies predominate: F. tularensis tularensis in North America and F. tularensis holarctica throughout the northern hemisphere. F. tularensis occurs in persistent natural foci causing localized epidemics and sporadic cases in man.Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis was described originally as causing a more virulent form of tularaemia than was seen in Europe. More recently recognized are subpopulations of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis which have markedly different virulence for man. These have been designated A1a, A1b and A2. Infections resulting from type A1b have been shown to have an attributable mortality of 24% as compared to 4% for tularaemia caused by A1a types.F. tularensis is one of the most potent bacterial pathogens affecting humans with an infective dose from 1 to 10 organisms. The incubation period is usually 3–5 days (range from 1–21 days). Onset of disease is abrupt, with fever, chills, fatigue, general body aches, and headache. When the bacteria are acquired through skin or mucous membranes, tender regional node enlargement may become conspicuous. When bacteria are inhaled, the infection will result in deep lymph node enlargement.The clinical epidemiology of human infection is complex since it relates to one of four modes of transmission of the agent harboured in multiple hosts from diverse ecosystems. Clinical presentation of the human disease is indicative of both the mode of transmission and often the source of infection in a specific ecosystem. Tularaemia presenting as ulceroglandular disease results from either vector-borne infection from mosquito or tick bites or occurs as a result of animal contact from bites, hunting or from skinning hares or muskrats. Oropharyhgeal and typhoidal infections predominate in waterborne outbreaks of F. tularensis holarctica. Pulmonary or influenza disease results from airborne transmission associated with either farmers moving rodent contaminated hay or laboratory acquired infection. An intentional aerosol release of F. tularensis tularensis would be expected to result in clinical manifestations similar to those recognized in natural respiratory tularaemia. Both vector-borne and airborne transmission of F. tularensis may both be associated with florid skin manifestations as a presenting symptom of tularaemia. Pulmonary or typhoidal forms of the tularaemia may occur as a complication of localized infection.

Hemmkörperentwicklung bei Hämophilie-Patienten nach Präparate wechsel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S39-S42 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kocher ◽  
G. Asmelash ◽  
V. Makki ◽  
S. Müller ◽  
S. Krekeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryThe retrospective observational study surveys the relationship between development of inhibitors in the treatment of haemophilia patients and risk factors such as changing FVIII products. A total of 119 patients were included in this study, 198 changes of FVIII products were evaluated. Results: During the observation period of 12 months none of the patients developed an inhibitor, which was temporally associated with a change of FVIII products. A frequent change of FVIII products didn’t lead to an increase in inhibitor risk. The change between plasmatic and recombinant preparations could not be confirmed as a risk factor. Furthermore, no correlation between treatment regimens, severity, patient age and comorbidities of the patients could be found.

Nighttime Blue Light Exposure and Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
David Jaynes ◽  
Paul Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Night Shift Work

The purpose of this article is to provide background information and the current understanding of a less familiar cause of female breast cancer; exposure to ultraviolet light at night. Breast cancer is a common disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in women. There are several risk factors for breast cancer, most of which are genetic and environmental in nature. An often-overlooked risk factor is exposure to blue light during night shift work, which decreases melatonin production. One of the many cancer-preventing properties of melatonin is to limit estrogen production. Increased lifetime exposure to estrogen is a well-known cause of breast cancer. Awareness of nighttime blue light exposure as a breast cancer risk factor by women doing night shift work and those exposed to nighttime light via smartphones and laptops, is essential information to know so that protective measures can be taken.

Risk Factors of Collateralized Loan Obligations and Corporate Bonds

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Mark Wahrenburg ◽  
Andreas Barth ◽  
Mohammad Izadi ◽  
Anas Rahhal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Corporate Bonds ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Yield Spreads ◽  
Pricing Factors ◽  
Return Difference

AbstractStructured products like collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) tend to offer significantly higher yield spreads than corporate bonds (CBs) with the same rating. At the same time, empirical evidence does not indicate that this higher yield is reduced by higher default losses of CLOs. The evidence thus suggests that CLOs offer higher expected returns compared to CB with similar credit risk. This study aims to analyze whether this return difference is captured by asset pricing factors. We show that market risk is the predominant risk factor for both CBs and CLOs. CLO investors, however, additionally demand a premium for their risk exposure towards systemic risk. This premium is inversely related to the rating class of the CLO.

Sources of Infection Among Persons With Acute Hepatitis A and No Identified Risk Factors During a Sustained Community-Wide Outbreak

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. e54-e54 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Staes ◽  
T. L. Schlenker ◽  
I. Risk ◽  
K. G. Cannon ◽  
H. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Acute Hepatitis A ◽  
Sources Of Infection

Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stevenson ◽  
Sophia Tsiligiannis ◽  
Nick Panay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease, and particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), has a low incidence in premenopausal women. Loss of ovarian hormones during the perimenopause and menopause leads to a sharp increase in incidence. Although most CHD risk factors are common to both men and women, the menopause is a unique additional risk factor for women. Sex steroids have profound effects on many CHD risk factors. Their loss leads to adverse changes in lipids and lipoproteins, with increases being seen in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, and decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. There is a reduction in insulin secretion and elimination, but increases in insulin resistance eventually result in increasing circulating insulin levels. There are changes in body fat distribution with accumulation in central and visceral fat which links to the other adverse metabolic changes. There is an increase in the incidence of hypertension and of type 2 diabetes mellitus, both major risk factors for CHD. Oestrogens have potent effects on blood vessels and their loss leads to dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. All of these changes result from loss of ovarian function contributing to the increased development of CHD. Risk factor assessment in perimenopausal women is recommended, thereby permitting the timely introduction of lifestyle, hormonal and therapeutic interventions to modify or reverse these adverse changes.

Surviving “Risk Factor Frenzy”: The Perils of Incorrectly Applying Epidemiological Research in Health Education and Promotion

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Robison ◽  
Gregory Kline
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Lifestyle Change ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Epidemiological Research ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Health Education And Promotion

In health education and promotion, “risk factors” for disease gathered from epidemiological research form the basis from which the majority of recommendations to individuals for lifestyle change are made. Unfortunately, many health practitioners are unaware that this type of research was never intended to be applied to individuals. The result is ongoing public confusion and anxiety concerning health recommendations and a loss of credibility for health professionals. This article: 1) briefly reviews the most commonly encountered limitations inherent in epidemiological research; 2) explores the problems and potential negative consequences of incorrectly applying epidemiological research in health education and promotion; and 3) makes recommendations to help health practitioners more skillfully interpret and incorporate into their work findings from epidemiological research.

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