Indirect aggression, anxiety, and empathy: Disaggregating between and within person longitudinal associations during childhood and adolescence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ann H. Farrell ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Although indirectly aggressive behavior and anxiety symptoms can co-occur, it is unclear whether anxiety is an antecedent or outcome of indirect aggression at the individual level and whether other personality traits can contribute to these longitudinal associations. Therefore, the between- and within-person associations among indirect aggression, anxiety symptoms, and empathic concern were examined across adolescence from ages 11 to 16 in a cohort of individuals followed annually (N = 700; 52.9% girls; 76.0% White) controlling for direct aggression and demographic variables. Results of autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals supported an acting out model at the within-person level. Specifically, anxiety symptoms positively predicted indirect aggression and indirect aggression negatively predicted empathic concern at each adjacent time point. These findings suggest that methods of reducing worries about the self and increasing healthy self-confidence could prevent indirect aggression and help build concern and compassion toward others.

scholarly journals Cohort profile: the clinical ‘Psoriasis in Adolescents’ (PIA) cohort in Denmark

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e031448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffer Blegvad ◽  
Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen ◽  
Jonathan Groot ◽  
Claus Zachariae ◽  
Lone Skov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Population Comparison ◽  
The Individual

PurposePsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that frequently debuts in childhood and adolescence. We wished to determine environmental and genetic risk factors for the development of psoriasis in children and adolescents, as well as to investigate debut type, trigger factors, course of disease, nature and influence of stress related to both child and family and risk factors for comorbidity. The ‘Psoriasis in Adolescents’ (PIA) cohort will provide data on the relationship between psoriasis and, respectively, genetic disposition, early-life exposures, quality of life and comorbidity.ParticipantsThe PIA cohort is nested in the large general population Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). We invited 390 adolescents with psoriasis and corresponding maternally predisposed and non-predisposed controls. Participants underwent an interview and a clinical examination consisting of a skin inspection and physical measurements including blood sampling and microbiological swabs. Additionally, four self-administered questionnaires on physical and mental health were completed.Findings to dateThe final PIA cohort consists of 81 adolescents with psoriasis, 110 parentally predisposed and 124 non-predisposed psoriasis-free adolescents. The validity of the maternally reported psoriasis status from the DNBC was found to be low on clinical examination (47.5%). In contrast, the self-reported psoriasis status of the DNBC mothers was clinically confirmed in 80.8% of the cases.Future plansThe PIA cohort offers the possibility of assessing the clinical characteristics, course of psoriasis and development of comorbidities in adolescents with clinically confirmed disease from a general population. Comparison with predisposed and non-predisposed controls is possible and genetic analyses are scheduled. We plan to invite the participants for a follow-up in 5–10 years. Furthermore, we plan to include newly diagnosed adolescents with psoriasis from the 18-year DNBC follow-up. All information is linkable on the individual level with data from the DNBC and nationwide registries in Denmark.

Beyond formalized plans: User involvement in support in daily living – users’ and support workers’ experiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matscheck ◽  
Amanda Ljungberg ◽  
Alain Topor
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
User Involvement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Things

Background: User involvement, based on respect and carried out through dialogue, has been shown to lead to increased self-respect, self-confidence and positive identity. In Sweden, the Social Service Act requires that interventions be designed and implemented together with the individual concerned. The basic criterion for social support is prolonged severe mental illness (usually at least 6 months), with no criteria for specific diagnosis or institutional history. The most common form of social support is ‘support in daily living’, a community care intervention for people aged 18 years or older who have their own homes and living arrangements. Aim: This article aims to deepen our understanding of user involvement at the individual level in the provision of an ongoing social work intervention. What elements of user involvement can be found in users’ and support workers’ descriptions of helpful support in daily living? Method: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 users, who had experienced support in daily living as helpful, and 16 interviews with the users’ support workers. Results: Three major, interconnected themes emerged: Constant dialogue; Framing the flexibility, in relation to formalized intervention plans and regulations; The importance of ‘small things’, decisions concerning daily life. Conclusion: Both users and support workers described user involvement at the individual, micro-level to be an integral part of helpful support in daily living. It was possible to create a space for dialogue and co-creation in which users were involved in formulating and deciding the contents of their support at an informal level, to influence their own everyday lives. While a formal framework of rules, restrictions and plans surrounds meetings between users and professionals, a facilitating factor may be the absence of too detailed plans and regulations, leaving trust to users and professionals and their capacity to manage most of the choices they have to make.

scholarly journals Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition

2014 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD L. FOX ◽  
JENNIFER L. LAWLESS
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Political Ambition ◽  
Parental Encouragement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Peer Experiences ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Socializing Agents

Based on survey responses from a national random sample of nearly 4,000 high school and college students, we uncover a dramatic gender gap in political ambition. This finding serves as striking evidence that the gap is present well before women and men enter the professions from which most candidates emerge. We then use political socialization—which we gauge through a myriad of socializing agents and early life experiences—as a lens through which to explain the individual-level differences we uncover. Our analysis reveals that parental encouragement, politicized educational and peer experiences, participation in competitive activities, and a sense of self-confidence propel young people's interest in running for office. But on each of these dimensions, women, particularly once they are in college, are at a disadvantage. By identifying when and why gender differences in interest in running for office materialize, we begin to uncover the origins of the gender gap in political ambition. Taken together, our results suggest that concerns about substantive and symbolic representation will likely persist.

scholarly journals Learning or leaving? An international qualitative study of factors affecting the resilience of female family doctors

BJGP Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen20X101017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Shiner ◽  
Jessica Watson ◽  
Noemi Doohan ◽  
Amanda Howe
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
External Support ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
The Individual

​BackgroundMany countries have insufficient numbers of family doctors, and more females than males leave the workforce at a younger age or have difficulty sustaining careers. Understanding the differing attitudes, pressures, and perceptions between genders toward their medical occupation is important to minimise workforce attrition.​AimTo explore factors influencing the resilience of female family doctors during lifecycle transitions.​Design & settingInternational qualitative study with female family doctors from all world regions.​MethodTwenty semi-structured online Skype interviews, followed by three focus groups to develop recommendations. Data were transcribed and analysed using applied framework analysis.​ResultsInterview participants described a complex interface between competing demands, expectations of their gender, and internalised expectations of themselves. Systemic barriers, such as lack of flexible working, excessive workload, and the cumulative impacts of unrealistic expectations impaired the ability to fully contribute in the workplace. At the individual level, resilience related to: the ability to make choices; previous experiences that had encouraged self-confidence; effective engagement to obtain support; and the ability to handle negative experiences. External support, such as strong personal networks, and an adaptive work setting and organisation or system maximised interviewees’ professional contributions.​ConclusionOn an international scale, female family doctors experience similar pressures from competing demands during lifecycle transitions; some of which relate to expectations of the female's ’role’ in society, particularly around the additional personal pressures of caring commitments. Such situations could be predicted, planned for, and mitigated with explicit support mechanisms and availability of workplace choices. Healthcare organisations and systems around the world should recognise this need and implement recommendations to help reduce workforce losses. These findings are likely to be of interest to all health professional staff of any gender.

scholarly journals The individual level effect of symbolic representation: An experimental study on teacher-student gender congruence and students’ perceived abilities in math

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Doornkamp ◽  
Petra Van den Bekerom ◽  
Sandra Groeneveld
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Individual Client ◽  
The Individual

Studies on representative bureaucracy have often confirmed the positive performance effects of bureaucracies mirroring the demographic characteristics of their clientele. However, little is known about the underlying individual level mechanisms leading to these outcomes. In this study, theoretical ideas from representative bureaucracy literature and social and educational psychology are combined in a new model that explains effects of passive representation from the perspective of the individual client in the educational field. It is hypothesized that positive effects of gender congruence on students’ academic self-concepts are mediated by gender stereotypical beliefs of students. This mediation is expected to be moderated by the self-confidence of the teacher. Results of a survey experiment among students in a Dutch high school do not support the hypothesized relationships. The study does reveal gender differences in stereotypical beliefs and academic self-concepts though. Furthermore, the academic self-concept for math of both male and female students is higher if the math teacher is a woman. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings and avenues for future research on the role of stereotypical beliefs in the association between gender representation and student performance.

scholarly journals Resilience predictors for older adults in Tomsk region

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Lubov Ivankina ◽  
Elmira Kashapova ◽  
Elena Klemasheva ◽  
Veronika Malanina ◽  
Ekaterina Taran
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Communication Practices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Life Course

In this article, we analyze the resilience of older adults and its probable predictors. Among predictors that affect the individual level of a person’s resilience in older age, we consider the participation in different types of activities and personal coping strategies to respond to challenges through the life-course. The article presents the results of a correlation analysis of resilience with the financial, consumer and labor behavior of older adults. We have revealed that the types of financial and consumer behavior, information and communication practices significantly differ for individuals with different resilience levels. Constructive coping with the new conditions and requirements for the well-being allows older adults to maintain a high level of resilience and participation in society. Older people, focused on mastering new skills for a successful life in a changing world, have high indicators of resilience, focus on self-confidence, energy, preventive overcoming of difficulties, have low rates of catastrophic situations.

Investigating Unique Environmental Influences of Parenting Practices on Youth Anxiety

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
Jianxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Parental Warmth ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Youth Anxiety ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adolescent Twins

The associations between parenting practices and adolescent anxiety symptoms were examined in both individual and monozygotic (MZ) twin differences levels. Participants were 804 pairs of Chinese MZ adolescent twins aged 10–18 years ( M = 13.57, SD = 2.67, 52% females). Twins’ anxiety symptoms were assessed by self- and parent-reports. Twins also reported their perceived parenting practices. On the individual level, parental warmth-reasoning was negatively, whereas harshness-hostility was positively, associated with both self- and parent-reported youth anxiety. On the MZ-twin differences level, the magnitudes of the associations between parenting practices and youth anxiety were decreased. MZ-twin difference in parental warmth-reasoning remained significantly associated with self- and parent-reported youth anxiety; MZ-twin difference in parental harsh-hostility was only significantly associated with self-reported youth anxiety. This study indicated that parental warmth-reasoning and harshness-hostility may be unique environmental experiences that influence youth anxiety, and illustrated the necessity of controlling for gene-environment correlations when examining the true environmental effects of parenting on child behavior.

Longitudinal associations between attachment and forgivingness within romantic relationships

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110201
Author(s):  
Laura Dewitte ◽  
Annika Martin ◽  
Mathias Allemand ◽  
Patrick L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Factors ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Being securely attached and willing to forgive your partner tends to promote greater relationship success. Though attachment and partner forgiveness are associated cross-sectionally, research has yet to investigate whether and how these positive relationship factors tend to codevelop over time. The current study examined cross-lagged effects and correlated changes in partner forgivingness and attachment across a 2-year period with two measurement occasions ( n = 514 individuals). Additionally, dyadic analyses were conducted with a subsample of dyads in the study ( n = 149 dyads). Individual level analyses evidenced negative cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between attachment-anxiety and forgivingness. Attachment-avoidance and forgivingness showed significant correlated changes over time. Dyadic level analyses showed that attachment-avoidance predicted partner forgivingness 2 years later but not vice versa. Findings suggest that longitudinal associations between attachment and forgivingness may take different forms at the individual and dyadic level.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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