scholarly journals Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition

2014 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD L. FOX ◽  
JENNIFER L. LAWLESS
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Political Ambition ◽  
Parental Encouragement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Peer Experiences ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Socializing Agents

Based on survey responses from a national random sample of nearly 4,000 high school and college students, we uncover a dramatic gender gap in political ambition. This finding serves as striking evidence that the gap is present well before women and men enter the professions from which most candidates emerge. We then use political socialization—which we gauge through a myriad of socializing agents and early life experiences—as a lens through which to explain the individual-level differences we uncover. Our analysis reveals that parental encouragement, politicized educational and peer experiences, participation in competitive activities, and a sense of self-confidence propel young people's interest in running for office. But on each of these dimensions, women, particularly once they are in college, are at a disadvantage. By identifying when and why gender differences in interest in running for office materialize, we begin to uncover the origins of the gender gap in political ambition. Taken together, our results suggest that concerns about substantive and symbolic representation will likely persist.

Party Polarization, Ideological Sorting and the Emergence of the US Partisan Gender Gap

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Q. Gillion ◽  
Jonathan M. Ladd ◽  
Marc Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Party Polarization ◽  
College Degrees ◽  
The Us ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
Mass Level

This article argues that the modern American partisan gender gap – the tendency of men to identify more as Republicans and less as Democrats than women – emerged largely because of mass-level ideological party sorting. As the two major US political parties ideologically polarized at the elite level, the public gradually perceived this polarization and better sorted themselves into the parties that matched their policy preferences. Stable pre-existing policy differences between men and women caused this sorting to generate the modern US partisan gender gap. Because education is positively associated with awareness of elite party polarization, the partisan gender gap developed earlier and is consistently larger among those with college degrees. The study finds support for this argument from decades of American National Election Studies data and a new large dataset of decades of pooled individual-level Gallup survey responses.

Indirect aggression, anxiety, and empathy: Disaggregating between and within person longitudinal associations during childhood and adolescence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ann H. Farrell ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Although indirectly aggressive behavior and anxiety symptoms can co-occur, it is unclear whether anxiety is an antecedent or outcome of indirect aggression at the individual level and whether other personality traits can contribute to these longitudinal associations. Therefore, the between- and within-person associations among indirect aggression, anxiety symptoms, and empathic concern were examined across adolescence from ages 11 to 16 in a cohort of individuals followed annually (N = 700; 52.9% girls; 76.0% White) controlling for direct aggression and demographic variables. Results of autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals supported an acting out model at the within-person level. Specifically, anxiety symptoms positively predicted indirect aggression and indirect aggression negatively predicted empathic concern at each adjacent time point. These findings suggest that methods of reducing worries about the self and increasing healthy self-confidence could prevent indirect aggression and help build concern and compassion toward others.

Digging Deeper into the Gender Gap: Gender Salience as a Moderating Factor in Political Attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bittner ◽  
Elizabeth Goodyear-Grant
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe know how sex (rather than gender) structures political preferences, but researchers rarely take into account the salience or importance of gender identity at the individual level. The only similar variable for which salience is commonly taken seriously is partisanship, for which direction and importance or strength are both considered imperative for measurement and analysis. While some scholars have begun to look at factors that may influence intragroup differences, such as feminism (Conover, 1988), most existing research implicitly assumes gender salience is homogenous in the population. We argue that both the content of gender identity (that is, what specifically is gender identity, as opposed to sex) as well its salience should be incorporated into analyses of how gender structures political behaviour. For some, gender simply does not motivate behaviour, and the fact that salience moderates the impact of gender on behaviour requires researchers to model accordingly. Using original data from six provincial election studies, we examine a measure of gender identity salience and find that it clarifies our understanding of gender's impact on political attitudes.

scholarly journals Security and attitudes toward globalization: A multilevel analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 805-822
Author(s):  
James E. Cameron ◽  
Lucie Kocum ◽  
John W. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
National Economic Security

Globalization implicates a number of social psychological processes and outcomes, including openness to ideas, products, and people from outside one’s national boundaries. Drawing from theory and research on intergroup threat, the researchers posited that people will be more open to connections between their nation and others if they feel their economic situation and culture are relatively secure. They found some support for these hypotheses in 2 sets of archival survey responses collected by the Pew Global Attitudes Project in 2002 (40 countries; N = 34,073) and 2009 (25 countries; N = 22,500). Personal economic security and perceived national economic security were associated with more positive attitudes toward globalization in both survey years. However, country-level variables—development status (as indexed by the United Nations’ Human Development Index) and aggregated economic and cultural security—moderated the individual-level effects in several ways. Individual perceptions of national economic security more strongly predicted attitudes toward globalization in more favourable climates (e.g., in more developed countries, and at higher levels of country-level national economic security). Individual-level cultural security was positively associated with attitudes toward globalization in countries with higher levels of socioeconomic development, but negatively related to those attitudes in less developed nations. The results provide some new perspectives on individual and collective factors that inform the perceived benefits of globalization.

scholarly journals Comparing Political Polarization in Political and Cultural Preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Political Identity ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Cultural Preference ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses

The popular press has given substantial attention to the notion that Democrats and Republicans hold diverging cultural and lifestyle preferences that manifest in the TV shows they watch, the music they listen to, and the clothes they buy. The academic research in this area is split, though, with some suggesting that such divisions exist and others arguing that they ultimately fail to materialize in real-world behavior. In this study, I use network methods to evaluate whether such partisan cultural polarization exists at the individual-level. I do so by constructing networks of shared cultural preferences and networks of shared political beliefs based on closed-ended survey responses. For each network, I calculate the assortativity (correlation) between linked respondents' partisan identity, ideology, age, gender, race, and education level. I show that the assortativity for the political identity measures is low across the cultural-preference networks compared to the political-belief networks. These results suggest that cultural preferences are not associated with partisan or ideological identities.

Beyond formalized plans: User involvement in support in daily living – users’ and support workers’ experiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matscheck ◽  
Amanda Ljungberg ◽  
Alain Topor
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
User Involvement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Things

Background: User involvement, based on respect and carried out through dialogue, has been shown to lead to increased self-respect, self-confidence and positive identity. In Sweden, the Social Service Act requires that interventions be designed and implemented together with the individual concerned. The basic criterion for social support is prolonged severe mental illness (usually at least 6 months), with no criteria for specific diagnosis or institutional history. The most common form of social support is ‘support in daily living’, a community care intervention for people aged 18 years or older who have their own homes and living arrangements. Aim: This article aims to deepen our understanding of user involvement at the individual level in the provision of an ongoing social work intervention. What elements of user involvement can be found in users’ and support workers’ descriptions of helpful support in daily living? Method: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 users, who had experienced support in daily living as helpful, and 16 interviews with the users’ support workers. Results: Three major, interconnected themes emerged: Constant dialogue; Framing the flexibility, in relation to formalized intervention plans and regulations; The importance of ‘small things’, decisions concerning daily life. Conclusion: Both users and support workers described user involvement at the individual, micro-level to be an integral part of helpful support in daily living. It was possible to create a space for dialogue and co-creation in which users were involved in formulating and deciding the contents of their support at an informal level, to influence their own everyday lives. While a formal framework of rules, restrictions and plans surrounds meetings between users and professionals, a facilitating factor may be the absence of too detailed plans and regulations, leaving trust to users and professionals and their capacity to manage most of the choices they have to make.

scholarly journals Learning or leaving? An international qualitative study of factors affecting the resilience of female family doctors

BJGP Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen20X101017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Shiner ◽  
Jessica Watson ◽  
Noemi Doohan ◽  
Amanda Howe
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
External Support ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
The Individual

​BackgroundMany countries have insufficient numbers of family doctors, and more females than males leave the workforce at a younger age or have difficulty sustaining careers. Understanding the differing attitudes, pressures, and perceptions between genders toward their medical occupation is important to minimise workforce attrition.​AimTo explore factors influencing the resilience of female family doctors during lifecycle transitions.​Design & settingInternational qualitative study with female family doctors from all world regions.​MethodTwenty semi-structured online Skype interviews, followed by three focus groups to develop recommendations. Data were transcribed and analysed using applied framework analysis.​ResultsInterview participants described a complex interface between competing demands, expectations of their gender, and internalised expectations of themselves. Systemic barriers, such as lack of flexible working, excessive workload, and the cumulative impacts of unrealistic expectations impaired the ability to fully contribute in the workplace. At the individual level, resilience related to: the ability to make choices; previous experiences that had encouraged self-confidence; effective engagement to obtain support; and the ability to handle negative experiences. External support, such as strong personal networks, and an adaptive work setting and organisation or system maximised interviewees’ professional contributions.​ConclusionOn an international scale, female family doctors experience similar pressures from competing demands during lifecycle transitions; some of which relate to expectations of the female's ’role’ in society, particularly around the additional personal pressures of caring commitments. Such situations could be predicted, planned for, and mitigated with explicit support mechanisms and availability of workplace choices. Healthcare organisations and systems around the world should recognise this need and implement recommendations to help reduce workforce losses. These findings are likely to be of interest to all health professional staff of any gender.

scholarly journals The effect of a national lockdown in response to COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of clinical symptoms in the population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayya Keshet ◽  
Amir Gavrieli ◽  
Hagai Rossman ◽  
Smadar Shilo ◽  
Tomer Meir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses

AbstractThe vast and rapid spread of COVID-19 calls for immediate action from policy-makers, and indeed, many countries have implemented lockdown measures to varying degrees. Here, we utilized nationwide surveys that assess COVID-19 associated symptoms to analyse the effect of the lockdown policy in Israel on the prevalence of clinical symptoms in the population. Daily symptom surveys were distributed online and included questions regarding fever, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, anosmia and ageusia. A total of 2,071,349 survey responses were analysed. We defined a single measure of symptoms, Symptoms Average (SA), as the mean number of symptoms reported by responders. Data were collected between March 15th to June 3rd, 2020. Notably, on the population level, following severe lockdown measures between March 15 th and April 20th, SA sharply declined by 83.8% (p < 0.05), as did every single symptom, including the most common symptoms reported by our responders, cough and rhinorrhea and\or nasal congestion, which decreased by 74.1% (p < 0.05) and 69.6% (p < 0.05), respectively. Similarly, on the individual level, analysis of repeated responses from the same individuals (N = 208,637) over time also showed a decrease in symptoms during this time period. Moreover, the reduction in symptoms was observed in all cities in Israel, and in several stratifications of demographic characteristics. Different symptoms exhibit different reduction dynamics, suggesting differences in the nature of the symptoms or in the underlying medical conditions. Between May 13th and June 3rd, following several subsequent lockdown relief measures, we observed an increase in individual symptoms and in SA, which increased by 31.42%. Overall, these results demonstrate a profound decrease in a variety of clinical symptoms following the implementation of a lockdown in Israel, and an increase in the prevalence of symptoms following the loosening of lockdown restrictions. As our survey symptoms are not specific to COVID-19 infection, this effect likely represents an overall nationwide reduction in the prevalence of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. This quantification may be of major interest for COVID-19 pandemic, as many countries consider implementation of lockdown strategies.

scholarly journals The individual level effect of symbolic representation: An experimental study on teacher-student gender congruence and students’ perceived abilities in math

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Doornkamp ◽  
Petra Van den Bekerom ◽  
Sandra Groeneveld
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Individual Client ◽  
The Individual

Studies on representative bureaucracy have often confirmed the positive performance effects of bureaucracies mirroring the demographic characteristics of their clientele. However, little is known about the underlying individual level mechanisms leading to these outcomes. In this study, theoretical ideas from representative bureaucracy literature and social and educational psychology are combined in a new model that explains effects of passive representation from the perspective of the individual client in the educational field. It is hypothesized that positive effects of gender congruence on students’ academic self-concepts are mediated by gender stereotypical beliefs of students. This mediation is expected to be moderated by the self-confidence of the teacher. Results of a survey experiment among students in a Dutch high school do not support the hypothesized relationships. The study does reveal gender differences in stereotypical beliefs and academic self-concepts though. Furthermore, the academic self-concept for math of both male and female students is higher if the math teacher is a woman. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings and avenues for future research on the role of stereotypical beliefs in the association between gender representation and student performance.

scholarly journals Resilience predictors for older adults in Tomsk region

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Lubov Ivankina ◽  
Elmira Kashapova ◽  
Elena Klemasheva ◽  
Veronika Malanina ◽  
Ekaterina Taran
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Communication Practices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Life Course

In this article, we analyze the resilience of older adults and its probable predictors. Among predictors that affect the individual level of a person’s resilience in older age, we consider the participation in different types of activities and personal coping strategies to respond to challenges through the life-course. The article presents the results of a correlation analysis of resilience with the financial, consumer and labor behavior of older adults. We have revealed that the types of financial and consumer behavior, information and communication practices significantly differ for individuals with different resilience levels. Constructive coping with the new conditions and requirements for the well-being allows older adults to maintain a high level of resilience and participation in society. Older people, focused on mastering new skills for a successful life in a changing world, have high indicators of resilience, focus on self-confidence, energy, preventive overcoming of difficulties, have low rates of catastrophic situations.

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