Regulating Poor Migrants in Border Regions: A Microhistory of Out-Parish Relief in Bulskamp (1768–96)

Abstract:The regulation of poor migrants increasingly became a problem for local governments in eighteenth-century West Flanders and Flandres Maritime. Conflicts arose about which parish migrants should address for requesting poor relief. Migrants moreover physically moved over the boundaries of the different national French and Flemish legislative systems. This article will analyse how local parishes dealt with these problems in practice by focusing on a local agreement: the Concordat of Ypres of 1750. This Concordat offers an abundance of archival material and provides a unique insight into the practices of settlement and poor relief in continental Ancien Régime Europe. The aim of the article is to understand how out-parish relief functioned within the agreement. With that aim in mind, I will analyse, inter alia, the micro practices of how out-parish relief was paid (for example, removal or out-parish relief), how it reached the poor and, more importantly, how the number, expenses on and spread of out-parish poor evolved through the years. This article strengthens the claim that extensive relief practices were not unique to England and Wales. It also provides further insights into the relations between rural and urban areas (as most migration and settlement literature had either an urban or a rural focus) and sheds light on the differences of interests between local and central administrations.

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To Sin No More

10.11126/stanford/9781503603264.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David Rex Galindo

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Native Americans ◽

Urban Areas ◽

New Spain ◽

New World ◽

Spanish America ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Spanish Atlantic ◽

Franciscan Order

For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Native Americans in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. This is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, the book shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. It argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or “reawaken” Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Native Americans.

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Research on the Evaluation Method of Urban-Rural Integration

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.611 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 209-211 ◽

pp. 611-614

Author(s):

Lei An ◽

Pei Zhang ◽

Dan Li

Keyword(s):

Performance Evaluation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Evaluation System ◽

Evaluation Method ◽

Weak Point ◽

Harmonious Development ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural

The evaluation for rural-urban integration plays an important role in the process of the harmonious development of rural and urban areas. The latest progress of existing researches on the Performance Evaluation of Regional Urban-rural Integration was reviewed systematically. Some local governments used the evaluation system to evaluate the rural-urban integration in their territories. The article tries to summarize the literatures about evaluation method for Urban-rural integration，to investigate the weak point about evaluation of urban-rural integration. The new problems will also be point out and the problems need to be further researched.

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Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s0081305200013200 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 31-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David L. Debertin

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Local Level ◽

Educational Process ◽

Elementary And Secondary Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Educational Production ◽

State And Local

Public elementary and secondary education represent the largest single expenditure by units of state and local governments. Nearly 30 percent of all tax dollars raised at the state and local level is spent for funding public elementary and secondary schools. The magnitude of expenditures for public education relative to other public goods makes questions concerning resource allocation for this service extremely important. It is not surprising that a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining if the educational process can be made more efficient.Politicians, school administrators and other decision-makers who deal with school finance problems in rural and urban areas face a key policy question concerning the educational production process: “Does the spending of additional tax dollars in local public schools necessarily insure increased scholastic achievement for all students?”

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Experiences in the reconciliation process: Period 1996-2004

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem0404037g ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 37-38

Author(s):

Nada Golubovic

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Social Groups ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Left Behind ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

War Experiences ◽

Insight Into ◽

Reconciliation Process

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has left behind uninhabited, destroyed burnt down and devastated villages. The cities? demographic picture has been changed, as well as the ethnic and social structure. That is why we have been conducting our activities in the community reconciliation process in rural and urban areas, applying different methods of work. Our activities were aimed at all national and social groups. Our association?s target group is women. With our activities, we are trying to raise public awareness about the women?s issues and to find solutions to those problems. We have worked on key problems that arose as a consequence of war experiences, which were brought forward by the women. We are trying to achieve an insight into the problems that are common to the women from different social and ethnic groups and, by attempting to solve them; we work on conflict resolution and transformation.

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Multi-Disciplinary Determination of the Rural/Urban Boundary: A Case Study in Xi’an, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10082632 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2632 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lei Fang ◽

Yingjie Wang

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Accurate Determination ◽

National Bureau ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

New Model ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Rapid urbanization in China has blurred the boundaries between rural and urban areas in both geographic and conceptual terms. Accurately identifying this boundary in a given area is an important prerequisite for studies of these areas, but previous research has used fairly simplistic factors to distinguish the two areas (such as population density). In this study, we built a model combining multi-layer conditions and cumulative percentage methods based on five indicators linking spatial, economic, and demographic factors to produce a more comprehensive and quantitative method for identifying rural and urban areas. Using Xi’an, China as a case study, our methods produced a more accurate determination of the rural-urban divide when compared to data from the National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. Specifically, the urbanization level was 3.24% lower in the new model, with a total urban area that was 621.87 km2 lower. These results were checked by field survey and satellite imagery for accuracy. This new model thus provides local governments and other interested parties a theoretical and technological foundation for more accurate rural/urban planning and management in the future.

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Scarcity and poor relief in eighteenth-century Ireland: the subsistence crisis of 1782–4

Irish Historical Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021121400018575 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 28 (109) ◽

pp. 38-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

James Kelly

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Regional Level ◽

Rural Populations ◽

Poor Relief ◽

Loss Of Life ◽

The Poor ◽

Late Eighteenth Century ◽

Late Eighteenth ◽

Demographic Impact

The population of Ireland in the eighteenth century experienced serious dearth on twelve occasions. Four of these crises resulted in famines and eight in subsistence crises. The four famines all took place in the first half of the century; the second half experienced only subsistence crises. Because of this, it is sometimes argued that the late eighteenth century enjoyed a ‘gap in famines’. The value of this concept has been questioned because it understates the persistence and impact of dearth at a regional level, but it is also vitiated by our lack of knowledge of the nature and impact of all twelve crises.The main difference between a famine and a subsistence crisis centres on their contrasting demographic effects. Famines invariably produced substantial increases in mortality; the major famines of 1740–11 and 1845–9, for example, cost hundreds of thousands of lives, while smaller famines, such as those of 1727–9, 1800–01 and 1816–18, which were manifestly less costly in human terms, nevertheless resulted in thousands of deaths. Subsistence crises, on the other hand, caused comparatively little loss of life. We are not currently in a position to identify the precise demographic impact of individual episodes of harvest failure in the late eighteenth century, but based on current understanding it is believed that overall associated mortality levels were low. We can, however, enhance our understanding of dearth in this period by tracing the causes, course, impact and response to individual harvest crises. The purpose of this paper is to describe the crisis of 1782–4; it reveals that harvest failure during the so-called ‘gap in famines’ weighed heavily on both urban and rural populations, but that mortality was kept within acceptable bounds by the efficacy of the poor relief deployed to combat distress. Relief was at its most sophisticated and efficient in urban areas.

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Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v27i4iipp.509-515 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 27 (4II) ◽

pp. 509-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Muhammad Hussain Malik

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Previous Survey ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

The Past ◽

The Poor ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Time Periods ◽

New Evidence ◽

Poverty Levels

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977), Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time. The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.

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