scholarly journals Back to the Future in Acadian French

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH KING ◽  
TERRY NADASDI
Keyword(s):  
Acadian French ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future ◽  
Periphrastic Future

Our article presents a variationist analysis of future verb forms in Acadian French. The main variants considered are the inflected future (e.g. je partirai) and the periphrastic future (e.g. je vais partir). The purpose of this study is two-fold: a) it will determine the distribution of these variants and their linguistic correlates; b) it will compare the use of future verb forms with other varieties of French. Our results reveal that the inflected future is used with greater frequency in Acadian French than in other Canadian varieties and that the factors that condition the variable in Acadian are not the same as in other varieties.

Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

Varia: On ‘speaker ghosting’ and the ‘sequence of tense and mood’ rule in the bulgarian language

Proglas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krasimir Kabakchiev
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sequence Of Tense

The analysis of sentences taking part in the semantico-syntactic ‘X said that [content of that]’ schema, in the second part of which verb forms in all nine Bulgarian tenses are used, demonstrates that five of the types of sentences obtained are non-grammatical, and four are grammatical. In the main cases, with the aorist and the imperfect, which are witness-forms, non-grammaticality is due to speaker ghosting, a phenomenon which has been revealed by the author in previous publications. Non-grammaticality with the future in the past and the pluperfect is due to the fact that the verb forms have non-cancelable content, and not because they are witness-forms, as claimed by some authors. The main conclusion of the study, in contrast to previous conceptions in Bulgarian grammars and in Bulgarian linguistics in general, is that the Bulgarian language has a ‘sequence of tense and mood’ rule.

Immediacy and certainty: factors in understanding future reference

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Harner
Keyword(s):  
Future Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Remote Past ◽  
Future Reference

ABSTRACTSeventy-five children, 3, 4, and 5 years old, were interviewed about: (a) toys they had played with just a few minutes earlier, (b) toys they had played with on the preceding day, (c) toys they would play with in a few minutes, and (d) toys reserved for use on the following day. Verb forms indicating past and future time were used as well as the adverbials before and after. The past verb form was understood equally well in reference to the immediate past and the more remote past. However, the future verb form was better understood in reference to the immediate future than in reference to the remote future (the following day). The difference is discussed in terms of the intersection of time and mood in future verb forms. Immediacy of action and certainty of occurrence are suggested as early meaning components of future verb forms.

Periphrastic verb forms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Finite Part ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Future

The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.

scholarly journals Variation and change in future temporal reference with avoir and être

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Anna Tristram
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Variant Selection ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Periphrastic Future ◽  
Future Temporal Reference

ABSTRACT Variation and change in the future temporal reference (FTR) sector in French has been the subject of numerous studies, from a variety of perspectives. Most studies consider the patterns of variation and evidence for change by looking at the verbal system as a whole. However, there are indications that some verbs differ significantly in their preference for one or other variant. Avoir and être are two such verbs. This study first examines the overall distribution of the inflected and periphrastic future with these two verbs in the ESLO corpus of spoken French, and considers the evidence for change. A multivariate analysis of the linguistic factors affecting variant selection in FTR with these two verbs reveals no exceptional effects; we thus explore other possible explanations for the exceptional distribution of FTR variants with these two verbs.

SINTAKSIČKO-STILISTIČKE OSOBENOSTI GLAGOLSKIH OBLIKA U PESMAMA „ŽENIDBA BEGA LjUBOVIĆA“ I „ZIRKA KAJOVIĆA“ RADOVANA BEĆIROVIĆA

Lipar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (75) ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
Arsenije Sretković ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Present Tense

This paper deals with verb forms in the poems The Marriage of Bey Ljubović and Zirka Kajovića from the stylistic and syntactic standpoint. The analysis procedure includes a syntactic indicative, a syntactic relative, qualifier, gnome form, narrative form, and absolute. In addition, referentiality and non-referentiality of verb forms are considered. Bearing in mind that verb forms are most often combined, the stylistic effects of combinations of verb forms are considered. This paper aims to determine the inventory of verb forms and describe their syntactic and stylistic features. The analysis showed that a rich inventory of verb forms could be found in Radovan Bećirović’s poems. Simple Past Tense, Truncated Perfect, imperfect, aorist, and temporally transposed Present Tense denote the past. In both poems, the future is expressed by the future one, and apart from it, in the poem The Marriage of Bey Ljubović, a futuroid is found. The present is realized in a syntactic indicative, and, additionally, it is found as a qualifying, gnomic, and narrative present, of which it is most often used as a narrative. Examples of presentations with modal meanings are not uncommon. In terms of referentiality, present forms in poems denote referential and non-referential actions. The infinitive is found as a complement to modal or phase verbs and is also used in the absolute. The past is realized in the syntactic indicative and the syntactic relative and denotes referential and non-referential actions. The aorist is a high-frequency verb form in the poem The Marriage of Bey Ljubović and is used in most cases as a narrative. The imperfect is realized in syntactic relative and suggests referential and non-referential actions. The Future Simple Tense is found in the syntactic relative, then the absolute, and with modal meanings, i.e., the meaning of intention, commandments, possibilities, etc. While the use of the Future Simple is linked to the heroes’ discourses, the futuroid appears in the narrative discourse. Except in the function of Future Simple, futuroid is found in gnome use. The pre- sent, the aorist, the imperfect, and the truncated perfect are forms whose stylistic features contribute to the topicality, experience, dynamism, and drama of the events being reported.

Vestiges from the grammaticalization path: The expression of future temporal reference in Acadian French

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP COMEAU
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Acadian French ◽  
Periphrastic Future ◽  
Future Temporal Reference

ABSTRACTThis study presents a variationist analysis of the expression of future temporal reference (variation between the inflected future and the periphrastic future) in a linguistically conservative variety of Acadian French spoken in Baie Sainte-Marie, Nova Scotia, Canada. Results show that Acadian French is distinct from Laurentian French and that the Baie Sainte-Marie variety also differs from other Acadian varieties in some respects. A comparison of the distribution of variants and of the conditioning factors reveals that Acadian and Laurentian varieties have different future temporal reference systems. The Baie Sainte-Marie variety retains vestiges of earlier stages of the grammaticalization of one of the variants, the periphrastic future, not found in other Acadian varieties, thus supporting its characterization as a conservative variety.

The future of Martinique French: The role of random effects on the variable expression of futurity

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas S. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Variable Expression ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Lexical Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Frequent Variant ◽  
Periphrastic Future ◽  
Individual Speaker

AbstractThis article adds a Caribbean perspective to the analysis of futurity by presenting a quantitative variationist investigation of the competing forms used by speakers to encode future time in the Frenchdépartement et région d'outre-merof Martinique. The two variants under investigation are the inflected future (je partirai‘I will leave’) and the periphrastic future (je vais partir‘I am going to leave’). In this variety, the periphrastic future is identified as the most frequent variant. Fixed-effects and mixed-effects models furthermore tease apart the complex set of constraints governing variant selection and demonstrate the repercussions of considering speaker and lexical effects when analysing sociolinguistic data. Indeed, once individual speaker and word-level variation are controlled for, the future variable in Martinique French is constrained purely by temporal distance: while the periphrastic future acts as the default option in the majority of time contexts, the inflected future functions asthemarker of distal time.

Par dažām verba formām Ērģemes izloksnē un tās apkaimē

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Anete Daina
Keyword(s):  
Future Tense ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future

This article pays attention to the supine forms and future tense of the verb with a vowel -ī- between the root and future suffix, and to those 1st conjugation verbs that don’t have s, z, t, d at the end of the root (e.g., nākt, mirt, dzimt). These forms of sub-dialect of Ērģeme and its close area – Turna and Strenči – have been registered as sporadic, but recent observations of the usage of these forms make to review the materials once more, question informants, and focus more on these forms’ usage and distribution in a wider area, also comparing new findings with the materials from the Atlas of the Latvian Dialects. In the result, it was concluded that these verb forms are spread throughout the sub-dialects studied, especially the future tense of the verb with a vowel -ī- between the root and future suffix, and to those 1st conjugation verbs that don’t have s, z, t, d at the end of the root. Less often, the use of supine forms was registered, although speakers of the Ērģeme sub-dialect recognize that this form is not unusual and it is used.

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