scholarly journals The distribution and current status of New Zealand Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Hooson ◽  
Ian G. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
The North ◽  
Relict Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Remnant Population

This paper reviews and updates the distribution and status of two geographically distinct subspecies of New Zealand Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus, a New Zealand forest passerine that is highly susceptible to predation by introduced mammals such as stoats and rats. The recovery of the North Island and South Island saddleback populations has been rapid since translocations to offshore islands free of exotic predators began in 1964, when both subspecies were on the brink of extinction. South Island saddlebacks have gone from a remnant population of 36 birds on one island to over 1,200 birds spread among 15 island populations, with the present capacity to increase to a maximum of 2,500 birds. We recommend that South Island saddleback be listed under the IUCN category of Near Threatened, although vigilance on islands for invading predators and their subsequent rapid eradication is still required. North Island saddlebacks have gone from a remnant population of 500 birds on one island to over 6,000 on 12 islands with the capacity to increase to over 19,000 individuals. We recommend that this subspecies be downgraded to the IUCN category of Least Concern. The factors that limited the early recovery of saddlebacks are now of less significance with recent advances in predator eradication techniques allowing translocations to large islands that were formerly unsuitable. The only two predators that still cohabit some islands with saddleback are Pacific rats or kiore Rattus exulans and Weka Gallirallus australis, a flightless native rail. Although North Island saddlebacks coexist with kiore, South Island saddlebacks do less well in their presence, possibly because the relict population had no previous history with this species of rat. The impact of Weka as predators of saddlebacks is less clear, but population growth rates appear to be slowed in their presence. It is recommended that while current recovery strategies involving island habitat restoration and translocations be maintained, management effort should also be directed towards returning saddlebacks to selected, “mainland island” sites, where introduced pests are either excluded by predator-proof fences or controlled at very low levels by intensive pest management.

scholarly journals The current status of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) as a pest in the North Island of New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Popay ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
S.L. Goldson ◽  
C.M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The North ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Recent sampling in Waikato and Taranaki shows that Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) can still cause major damage to susceptible ryegrass pastures despite the introduction of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae in 1991 Percentage of tillers with L bonariensis larval damage in diploid and tetraploid perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in January and February were between 11 and 68 High egg numbers were noted on occasion Although there is evidence that M hyperodae reduces host populations parasitism levels vary considerably between years in Canterbury and are low in Otago and Southland where high populations of L bonariensis have recently been recorded Factors that may be lessening the impact of M hyperodae are considered These include asynchronous generations of the parasitoid and its host host behavioural adaptations compensatory oviposition and inhibition of flight in parasitised individuals leading to low levels of parasitism in new pastures

Acremonium endophytes in perennial ryegrass and other pasture grasses in Australia and New Zealand

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van Heeswijck ◽  
G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resistance To Insects ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
The Impact

Many grasses contain asymptomatic fungal endophytes which are now recognised as having a major impact on the performance of pastures in Australia and New Zealand, and elsewhere in the world. The association between the plant and the fungus is regarded as mutualistic, with the host grass able to benefit from endophyte presence through reduced herbivore feeding, increased resistance to insects, improved plant growth and possibly disease resistance. Grazing systems may be disadvantaged, however, as the ingestion of endophyte-infected grasses can be associated with a number of animal toxicoses including ryegrass staggers and fescue toxicosis. There is increasing evidence that the effects of endophyte on the host grass, and consequently on pasture performance and animal production, are mediated by a range of secondary metabolites produced by the plant-fungus interaction. Recent work has shown that a great deal of variation can be found amongst endophyte strains both in the types and amounts of these secondary metabolites produced. This review presents the current status of knowledge on the impact of endophyte on pasture grasses in Australia and New Zealand and attempts to place it in the framework of endophyte research in general. It discusses the potential for harnessing the benefits of endophyte infection, whilst minimizing deleterious effects, through the use of elite endophyte strains which have been isolated from naturally occurring grasses, or modified by the techniques of genetic engineering. It concludes by identifying a number of significant areas which require further research for us to fully understand the plant-fungus interaction and its effects on pasture systems.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of southern New Zealand: Implications of Pliocene and Pleistocene Processes and Evolutionary Concordance Across Independent  Loci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shay B. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Genealogical Concordance ◽  
Cook Strait ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Genetic Break

<p>The endemic fauna of the South Island has proven to be an ideal taxonomic group to examine the impact of climatic and geological processes on the evolution of New Zealand's biota since the Pliocene. This thesis examines the phylogeography of McCann's skink (Oligosoma maccanni) in order to provide insight into the relative contribution of Pliocene and Pleistocene processes on patterns of genetic structure in South Island biota. This thesis also investigates the phylogeography of the brown skink (O. zelandicum) to examine whether Cook Strait landbridges facilitated gene flow between the North and South Island in the late-Pleistocene. This thesis also investigates the presence of genealogical concordance across independent loci for the endemic alpine stick insect, Niveaphasma. I obtained mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data (ND2 and ND4; 1284 bp) from across the range of both skink species and mtDNA (COI; 762 bp) and nuclear sequence data (EF1 ; 590 bp) from across the range of Niveaphasma. I used DGGE in order to resolve nuclear EF1 alleles and examined phylogeographic patterns in each species using Neighbour-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. Substantial phylogeographic structure was found within O. maccanni, with divergences among clades estimated to have occurred during the Pliocene. Populations in the Otago/Southland region formed a well-supported lineage within O. maccanni. A genetic break was evident between populations in east and west Otago, while north-south genetic breaks were evident within the Canterbury region. There was relatively minor phylogeographic structure within O. zelandicum. Our genetic data supports a single colonization of the North Island by O. zelandicum from the South Island, with the estimated timing of this event (0.46 Mya) consistent with the initial formation of Cook Strait. There was substantial genetic structuring identified within Niveaphasma, with a well-supported lineage present in the Otago/Southland region. There was also a genetic break between populations in Canterbury and eastern Otago with those in central Otago and Southland. The genetic data provided strong genealogical concordance between mtDNA haplotypes and nuclear alleles suggesting an accurate depiction of the historical isolation identified between the major clades of Niveaphasma. This finding offers compelling evidence for the use of nuclear gene  phylogeography alongside mtDNA for future evolutionary studies within New Zealand.</p>

scholarly journals Simulation of impact of organic and nutrient pollutants from Nghi Son economic zone on Thanh Hoa coastal waters, North Centre Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Hai Nguyen Minh ◽  
Vinh Vu Duy
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Current Status ◽  
North Central ◽  
Waste Discharge ◽  
The North ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Numeric Modeling ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Impact

Nghi Son is an economic zone oriented to developing heavy industry and petrochemicals and has potential to become the most substantial economic zone in the North Central region. The zone is also one of the potential waste sources polluting Thanh Hoa coastal waters. Numeric modeling using Delft3D software package with different scenarios: Current status scenario, controlled discharge scenario, and incident scenario was developed to simulate states of some pollutants of organics and nutrients from the zone to Thanh Hoa coastal waters in different periods. The simulation results show that under controlled discharge (increasing pollutant concentration with the control of waste discharge), the concentration of pollutants was increasing and high around discharging points. In contrast, in incident case from the zone, pollutant concentrations increase markedly both in the magnitude and in the impact range to surrounding areas. When an accident happens, the influence scale will be expanded significantly, especially in the rainy season.

The impact of international law on natural resource governance in Greenland

Polar Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Lorna Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Self ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Resource Governance ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper demonstrates how the evolution of international law on colonial and indigenous peoples, in particular evolving rights to sovereignty over natural resources, shaped the changing relationship between Greenland and the rest of the Danish Realm. Greenland today is in a unique position in international law, enjoying an extremely high degree of self-government. This paper explores the history, current status and future of Greenland through the lens of international law, to show how international obligations both colour its relationship with the Kingdom of Denmark and influence its approaches to resource development internally. It considers the invisibility of the Inuit population in the 1933 Eastern Greenland case that secured Danish sovereignty over the entire territory. It then turns to Denmark’s registration of Greenland as a non-self-governing territory (colony) in 1946 before Greenland’s-purported decolonisation in 1953 and the deficiencies of that process. In the second part of the 20th century, Denmark began to recognise the Greenland Inuit as an indigenous people before a gradual shift towards recognition of the Greenlanders as a people in international law, entitled to self-determination, including the right to permanent sovereignty over their natural resources. This peaked with the Self-Government Act of 2009. The paper will then go on to assess competing interpretations of the Self-Government Act of 2009 according to which the Greenland self-government is the relevant decision-making body for an increasing number of fields of competence including, since 1 January 2010, the governance of extractive industries. Some, including members of the Greenland self-government, argue that the Self-Government Act constitutes full implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP 2007), but this view is not universally shared. The paper also considers the status and rights of two Greenland minorities: the North Greenlanders (Inughuit) and the East Greenlanders, each of whom has distinct histories, experiences of colonisation, dialects (or languages) and cultural traditions. While the Kingdom of Denmark accepts the existence of only one indigenous people, namely, the Inuit of Greenland, this view is increasingly being challenged in international fora, including the UN human rights treaty bodies, as the two minorities are in some cases considered distinct indigenous peoples. Their current position in Greenland as well as in a future fully independent Greenland is examined, and the rights that they hold against the Greenland self-government as well as the Kingdom of Denmark explored. Greenland’s domestic regime for governance of non-renewable natural resources (principally mining and hydrocarbons) is briefly analysed and compared with international standards, with a particular emphasis on public participation. The paper assesses the extent to which it complies with the standards in key international instruments.

scholarly journals The effect of transportation and lairage on faecal shedding and carcass contamination with Escherichia coli O157 and O26 in very young calves in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089-1100
Author(s):  
P. Jaros ◽  
A. L. Cookson ◽  
A. Reynolds ◽  
H. Withers ◽  
R. Clemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
The North ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carcass Contamination

AbstractThe effect of transportation and lairage on the faecal shedding and post-slaughter contamination of carcasses with Escherichia coli O157 and O26 in young calves (4–7-day-old) was assessed in a cohort study at a regional calf-processing plant in the North Island of New Zealand, following 60 calves as cohorts from six dairy farms to slaughter. Multiple samples from each animal at pre-slaughter (recto-anal mucosal swab) and carcass at post-slaughter (sponge swab) were collected and screened using real-time PCR and culture isolation methods for the presence of E. coli O157 and O26 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and non-STEC). Genotype analysis of E. coli O157 and O26 isolates provided little evidence of faecal–oral transmission of infection between calves during transportation and lairage. Increased cross-contamination of hides and carcasses with E. coli O157 and O26 between co-transported calves was confirmed at pre-hide removal and post-evisceration stages but not at pre-boning (at the end of dressing prior to chilling), indicating that good hygiene practices and application of an approved intervention effectively controlled carcass contamination. This study was the first of its kind to assess the impact of transportation and lairage on the faecal carriage and post-harvest contamination of carcasses with E. coli O157 and O26 in very young calves.

scholarly journals Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom C. Russ ◽  
Laura Murianni ◽  
Gloria Icaza ◽  
Andrea Slachevsky ◽  
John M. Starr
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Health Board ◽  
District Health ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The North ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
The Impact

Background: Dementia risk is reported as being higher in the north compared to the south, which may be related to vitamin D deficiency. If this were the case, an opposite gradient of risk would be observed in the southern hemisphere, but this has not been investigated previously. Methods: We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths in 2012 where dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular or unspecified dementia) was recorded as the underlying cause for 20 regions in Italy, 20 District Health Board areas in New Zealand and 29 Health Service areas in Chile. Results: Dementia SMRs were higher in northern than central or southern Italy. The inverse pattern was seen in women in New Zealand, with rates higher on South Island than North Island. However, dementia risk was raised in eight regions in the north and centre of Chile in both men and women. Conclusions: Geographical variation plays a key role in dementia risk, but patterns vary in men and women. In the northern hemisphere, dementia mortality is higher in the north, but the pattern in the southern hemisphere is more complex.

The impact of communication channels on mobile banking adoption

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Tran ◽  
James Corner
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distinct effects of different communication channels, particularly interpersonal networks, social media, and mass media on customer beliefs and usage intention in a mobile banking (MB) context. Design/methodology/approach – This study employed a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches with an exploratory sequential research design in two major phases: focus groups; and a large-scale survey among 183 New Zealand young adults. Findings – The most significant influential factor of usage intention was perceived usefulness, followed by perceived credibility and perceived costs. Face-to-face communication with bank staff and close acquaintances was perceived as the most reliable and persuasive sources of banking-related information. Moreover, mass channels were considered to be more important and trustworthy than social media in the MB sector. The research results revealed that the current status of MB diffusion in New Zealand is in the latter stages (Late Majority and Laggards) of the innovation diffusion cycle. Practical implications – In light of the research findings, bank marketers can make the right decisions on marketing actions to promote MB effectively as well as develop appropriate communication policies to speed up the consumer decision process. Researchers and allied industries (e.g. mobile commercial services) could also gain benefits from applying these results to understand the impact of communication channels on consumer perceptions and behaviours towards new technology acceptance. Originality/value – The research outcomes have served to broaden the knowledge into the distinguishing influences of major communication channels on customers’ beliefs and intention to adopt new banking services.

scholarly journals The impact of cutting prior to goat grazing on variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
Rose Greenfield ◽  
Katherine Tozer ◽  
Gosia Zobel ◽  
Catherine Cameron ◽  
Elizabeth North
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
The North ◽  
Goat Grazing ◽  
The Impact

Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum) is a prevalent weed on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Goats may provide a novel management tool to control thistles, but little is known about how cutting thistles prior to grazing affects thistle consumption by goats. This study investigated the extent to which goats consume either uncut entire variegated thistle plants or cut thistles. Eight groups of three goats were presented with thistle vegetation in each of two replicate 1-hour feeding sessions on 2 consecutive days. Averaged over both days, in the cut treatment, goats consumed 99% of the leaves that had been removed from the thistles and reduced the ground cover of the thistle plants by 68%. In the uncut treatment, ground cover of the thistles was reduced by 46%. A combination of cutting and goat grazing is likely to be a useful tool for stopping variegated thistle debris from smothering pasture and for inhibiting seed setting. Further work is required to test this at paddock scale.

scholarly journals The impact of land-use intensification on soil physical quality and plant yield response in the North Otago Rolling Downlands

2006 ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Houlbrooke ◽  
J.D. Morton ◽  
R.J. Paton ◽  
R.P. Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Land Use Intensification ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

The New Zealand agricultural industry is currently undergoing a large drive for increased productivity. Fuelling this will primarily require greater 'on-farm' landuse intensification involving increasing farm inputs to gain a large increase in farm product outputs. The North Otago Rolling Downlands (NORD) region of New Zealand has traditionally been drought-prone and limited to extensive sheep farming. The establishment of a large district irrigation scheme in spring 2006 will result in large scale intensification of land-use across the NORD region. A field trial has been established in North Otago on a common NORD Pallic soil type (Timaru silt loam) to determine the effect of land use intensification on soil quality and plant yield response. The treatments compare newly sown pasture vs. winter grazed forage crop, irrigated vs. dryland and sheep vs. cattle grazing. The application of irrigation water in 2004/2005 resulted in 17.5 kg pasture DM/mm of irrigation water and 24 kg pasture DM/mm of irrigation water for the drier 2005/ 2006 growing season. Results from the pasture trial suggest that both cattle grazing and irrigation (particularly in combination) are decreasing soil quality with a macroporosity of 9% v/v from pasture plots following the 2004/2005 season compared to 18% v/v for the dryland sheep treatment. In the 2005/2006 season, cattle irrigated plots had a macroporosity of 11% v/v from pasture plots c.f 19% v/v for the dryland sheep treatment To date, this measured decrease has had no significant effect on pasture or crop yield suggesting that soil quality has not yet fallen below a critical level for production under irrigated farming systems. However, further monitoring is required to assess the long term effects as strong trends are emerging that indicate soil quality decline under the cattle grazed and cropping treatments. Keywords: land-use intensification, soil quality, irrigation, cattle grazing, sheep grazing, forage cropping, compaction, pasture yield

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document