Age and reproduction

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R Cruz ◽  
Paul R Gindoff
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reproductive Life

Advanced female reproductive age is an important factor when evaluating couples for infertility. Infertility is defined as a lack of pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse, a condition present in about 15% of couples of reproductive age. The proportion of couples considered infertile has not changed recently in spite of an increase in the number of couples seeking infertility evaluation and treatment. Reasons for this phenomenon include the aging of the baby-boom generation, deferment of childbearing to later years of reproductive life (because of changes in lifestyles), and increased exposure of patients to infertility services. More women are delaying childbearing until their late 30's and into their 40's for various reasons, one of them being to develop their professional careers. This voluntary delay in childbearing not only poses a problem in terms of the 30–50% reduced pregnancy potential of older women, but other risks also have to be taken into account: the effect of pregnancy on other maternal illnesses, an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, hypertension and diabetes, and an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, abortions, and stillbirth. The decrease of female fecundity beginning in the 30's, becoming more pronounced after 40, is well documented. There is an approximately 50% decrease in the fertility rate of women attempting pregnancy at the age of 40 or older compared with younger women, and a twofold to threefold increase in the rate of spontaneous abortions. Reports of artificial insemination and chromosomal analysis of unfertilized human oocytes and spare embryos in in vitro fertilization (IVF) suggest that the quality of the oocyte and the resulting embryo are affected seriously by age; again, an age of 40 years being the critical cutoff point. On the other hand, age (up to 64 years) does not seem to affect sperm characteristics or its ability to fertilize human eggs, and the resulting embryo development in vitro as well as implantation in recipient uteri are not affected by the age of the male providing the semen sample.

scholarly journals Recombinant FSH glycoforms are bioactive in mouse preantral ovarian follicles

Reproduction ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 158 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah E Simon ◽  
Zhenghui Liu ◽  
George R Bousfield ◽  
T Rajendra Kumar ◽  
Francesca E Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Aging ◽  
Recombinant Fsh ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Advanced Reproductive Age

Female reproductive aging is characterized by a rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels during peri-menopause. N-linked glycans are co-translationally attached to the Asn7 and Asn24 residues on the FSHβ subunit. Differences in the number of N-glycans on the FSHβ subunit result in distinct glycoforms: hypo-glycosylated (FSH21/18, glycans absent on either Asn24 or Asn7, respectively) or fully-glycosylated (FSH24, glycans present on both Asn7 and Asn24). The relative abundance of FSH glycoforms changes with advanced reproductive age, shifting from predominantly FSH21/18 in younger women to FSH24 in older women. Previous in vitro studies in granulosa cell lines and in vivo studies using Fshb-null mice showed these glycoforms elicit differential bioactivities. However, the direct effects of FSH glycoforms on the mouse ovarian follicle have not yet been determined. In this study, we isolated secondary follicles from pre-pubertal mice and treated them with 20- or 100 ng/mL purified recombinant FSH glycoforms for 1 h or 18–20 h. Analysis of phosphorylated PKA substrates showed that glycoforms were bioactive in follicles following 1-h treatment, although differential bioactivity was only observed with the 100 ng/mL dose. Treatment of follicles with 100 ng/mL of each glycoform also induced distinct expression patterns of FSH-responsive genes as assessed by qPCR, consistent with differential function. Our results, therefore, indicate that FSH glycoforms are bioactive in isolated murine follicles.

scholarly journals Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Mark van Barele ◽  
Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen ◽  
Yvonne V. Louwers ◽  
Mijntje B. Vastbinder ◽  
John W. M. Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hormone Sensitive

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.

Stateof-the-art of realization of the fertility potential in the women of late reproductive age

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Kristina S. Ermolenko ◽  
V. E. Radzinsky ◽  
S. I. Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Seasonal Biorhythms

Biological potential of childbearing in the women of late reproductive age is limited by natural impairment and loss of fertility. Despite a considerable progress in clinical application of new diagnostic and reproductive technologies, the problem of infertility remains a most serious challenge. Women’s age is one of the main factors responsible for the outcome of in vitro fertilization. The low effectiveness of in vitro fertilization programs is attributed to discoordination in the hypothalamic-pituitary system, depletion of ovarian resources, and deterioration of quality of reproductive material. Bearing in mind the role of melatonin in synchronizing circadian and seasonal biorhythms and regulating physiological and pathological processes, it is natural to suggest its role in the enhancement of efficiency of in vitro fertilization programs for women of late reproductive age.

Australians' understanding of the decline in fertility with increasing age and attitudes towards ovarian reserve screening

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Alisha Evans ◽  
Sheryl de Lacey ◽  
Kelton Tremellen
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Life Planning ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Natural Conception

The aim of this study is to determine Australians’ understanding of the decline in fertility with age, social determinants that influence their decision to start a family and attitudes towards ovarian reserve screening as a tool allowing personalised reproductive life planning. An online survey of 383 childless Australian men and women, aged 18–45 years, was conducted. Both sexes overestimated natural and in vitro fertilization (IVF)-assisted fertility potential with increasing age, with the magnitude of overestimation being more pronounced for men and IVF treatment compared with natural conception. The primary determinants for starting a family were a stable relationship, followed by establishment of career; availability of accessible child care and paid parental leave were considered less important. Finally, the majority of women (74%) would alter their reproductive life planning if they were identified as having low ovarian reserve on screening. Despite increased education, Australians continue to have a poor understanding of age-related decline in natural and IVF-assisted conception, potentially explaining why many delay starting a family. Ovarian reserve screening may help identify individuals at increased risk of premature diminished fertility, giving these women the ability to bring forward their plans for natural conception or undertake fertility preservation (oocyte freezing).

Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of twin pregnancies – the role of maternal age

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomi Toussia-Cohen ◽  
Aya Mohr-Sasson ◽  
Abraham Tsur ◽  
Gabriel Levin ◽  
Raoul Orvieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Cesarean Deliveries ◽  
Women Groups ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract Objectives We aim to study the association of maternal age with maternal and neonatal complications in twin pregnancies. Methods A retrospective cohort study of dichorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies stratified into three groups according to maternal age (“A” <25, “B” 25–34 and “C” 35–44 years old). Outcome measures included pregnancy, delivery and neonatal complications. A sub-analysis of in vitro fertilization pregnancies only was conducted. Results Compared with younger women (groups A [n=65] and B [n=783]), older women [group C (n=392)] demonstrated significantly higher rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (B 6.6% vs. A 0%, p =0.027, C 10.2% vs. B 6.6%, p =0.032), were more likely to undergo cesarean deliveries (C 66.6%, B 57.6%, A 52.3%, p =0.007), and were at increased risk of having more than 20% difference in weight between the twins (C 24.5%, B 17.4%, A 16.9%, p =0.013). Other outcomes, including preeclampsia, did not differ between the groups. A sub-analysis of the in vitro fertilization only pregnancies was performed. Compared with younger women (groups A [n=18] and B [n=388]), older women (group C [n=230]) underwent more cesarean deliveries (p=0.004), and had more than 20% difference in weight between the twins (p<0.004). Other outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus rates and preeclampsia, did not differ between the groups. Conclusions Women at advanced maternal age with dichorionic twin pregnancies had significantly higher rates of gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean deliveries and fetal weight discordancy as compared with younger women. In contrast, the incidence of preeclampsia was not affected by maternal age.

scholarly journals Age dynamics of reproductive qualities of sows depending on the duration of the suckling period

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-97
Author(s):  
R. Shvachka ◽  
M. Povod
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The article studied the influence of sows' age on their reproductive qualities at the traditional - 28 days and shortened - 21 days duration of the suckling period. It was found that the total number of piglets born increased from the second reproductive cycle to the sixth inclusive. With the traditional duration of the suckling period, the most significant growth was observed during the third, fourth and fifth farrowing (8.0-8.6%), while with a reduced duration of the suckling period, it was significantly lower (3.8-4.9%). and lasted from the third to the fifth reproductive cycle. As sows' reproductive age increased, their fertility increased. Its highest growth in both terms of weaning of piglets was on the third farrowing and then gradually decreased. Sows with a reduced suckling period had a lower increase in fertility throughout reproductive life. The nest weight of piglets at birth increased until the third farrowing and then gradually decreased. With the traditional duration of the suckling period, the intensity of the increase in the nest weight of piglets born at the age of sows is higher compared to analogues in which the lactation period was reduced. Preservation of piglets in sows' nests deteriorated with increasing reproductive age. It worsened less intensely in sows with a reduced suckling period. The number of weaned piglets depended to a greater extent on the age of the sows and to a lesser extent on the length of the suckling period. From the third farrowing, it constantly decreases with increasing age of the sow, regardless of the length of the suckling period. The average weight of one piglet increases with the age of sows from the third farrowing, and its growth is more intense with a reduced duration of lactation. The increase in the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning is most significant for 3-5 farrowings, after which there was a decrease in this indicator for both periods of weaning piglets. A comprehensive assessment of the reproductive quality of sows using indices confirms the increase in sow productivity during the second - fourth reproductive cycle with a gradual decrease during the fifth to sixth farrowing, both in the traditional and reduced duration of the suckling period. It is proved that the sow age factor determines the probable influence on the number of piglets at weaning (9.43 %), their safety (5.56 %), the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning (1.87 %) and fertility (1.65 % ). While the suckling period factor affected the nest weight of piglets at weaning with a force of 28.49 %, the number of piglets at weaning with a force of 0.62 %, the safety of piglets before weaning at 0.19 % and did not affect the fertility of sows. Key words: sow, reproductive cycle, duration of lactation, fertility, safety, piglet.

scholarly journals Tocotrienols as an Anti-Breast Cancer Agent

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1383
Author(s):  
Madison Trujillo ◽  
Anupreet Kharbanda ◽  
Christa Corley ◽  
Pilar Simmons ◽  
Antiño R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pharmacological Potential ◽  
Cancer Agent ◽  
Future Landscape

In the past few years, breast cancer has become the most prevalent type of cancer. The majority of patients receive combinatorial chemotherapy treatments, which may result in increased risk of developing drug resistance, a reduced quality of life, and substantial side effects. Treatment modalities that could lessen the physical toll of standard treatments or act in synergy with chemotherapeutic treatments would benefit women worldwide. Research into tocotrienols has thus far demonstrated their potential to be such an agent, with tocotrienols surpassing the pharmacological potential of tocopherols. Further research using in vitro and preclinical breast cancer models to support clinical trials is needed. This review uses bibliometric analysis to highlight this gap in research and summarizes the current and future landscape of tocotrienols as an anti-breast cancer agent.

Corrigendum to: Australians' understanding of the decline in fertility with increasing age and attitudes towards ovarian reserve screening

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Alisha Evans ◽  
Sheryl de Lacey ◽  
Kelton Tremellen
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Life Planning ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Natural Conception

The aim of this study is to determine Australians’ understanding of the decline in fertility with age, social determinants that influence their decision to start a family and attitudes towards ovarian reserve screening as a tool allowing personalised reproductive life planning. An online survey of 383 childless Australian men and women, aged 18–45 years, was conducted. Both sexes overestimated natural and in vitro fertilization (IVF)-assisted fertility potential with increasing age, with the magnitude of overestimation being more pronounced for men and IVF treatment compared with natural conception. The primary determinants for starting a family were a stable relationship, followed by establishment of career; availability of accessible child care and paid parental leave were considered less important. Finally, the majority of women (74%) would alter their reproductive life planning if they were identified as having low ovarian reserve on screening. Despite increased education, Australians continue to have a poor understanding of age-related decline in natural and IVF-assisted conception, potentially explaining why many delay starting a family. Ovarian reserve screening may help identify individuals at increased risk of premature diminished fertility, giving these women the ability to bring forward their plans for natural conception or undertake fertility preservation (oocyte freezing).

Restoring of the reproductive function as an important constituent of the psychological condition of oncological female patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 982-982
Author(s):  
N. Bakunina
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Hormonal Function ◽  
Antineoplastic Treatment

Estimation of clinical-and-psychological status was conducted among female patients with diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and endometrial cancer. There were 2 sample groups.The first group consisted of 16 patients of early reproductive age from 20 to 35, not having patient parity. Tissue retrieval of ovary with following criopreservation was carried out among the patients of this group during the surgery stage. To restore the hormonal function of the ovary and rehabilitate the reproduction function after finishing of the complex treatment all patients underwent autotransplantation of the unfrozen ovary tissues into the abdominolvesical wall. Rehabilitation of the reproductive function consists of centesis of Graafian follicle, obtaining of the ovule, in vitro fertilization and transmitting of the embryo of the surrogate mother.The following methods were applied:- Informal clinical interviewing,- Abridged Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),- The State trait Anxiety Inventory,- Personality Questionnaire of the Bechterev Institution.Conclusions1.There has been found out the high intensity of anxious reaction in both groups of oncological female patients, which makes it necessary to provide psychological rehabilitations for patients.2.Euphoric, balanced and ergopatic Types of Attitude to the Disease have been frequently observed.3.The exceeding rates in the scales of neurotic triad observed through the MMPI need adequate correction.4.Restoring of the possibility for a woman to enjoy her reproductive function - improves the quality of life of such patients. Probably this will also increase the efficiency of the antineoplastic treatment and the life expectancy for this patients.

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