Japanese modern municipal retail and wholesale markets in comparison with European markets

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAMI HARADA
Keyword(s):  
Retail Trade ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Cash Payment ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The City ◽  
European Markets

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to assess the relevance of market ideas outside the European context. In pre-modern Japan, there was neither street market nor retail market but wholesale markets in cities. Feudal lords permitted wholesale dealers to operate in the market as long as the dealers paid either tribute such as fish or tax money to their lords. The Meiji Restoration in the late nineteenth century brought an end to the feudal system. In modern Japan, the problem of food supply in the city arose after the Japanese-Russo War. The Rice Riots broke out in 1918, and drove many cities to open their own municipal retail markets in order to supply urban dwellers with food and daily necessities. Fixed and marked price and cash payment were the operating principles of those municipal retail markets. These principles represented the characteristic features of the modern retail trade. Such municipal retail markets played an important role in the modernization of the retail trade in Japan.

scholarly journals Urban landscape of Okazaki in Kyoto

2015 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Olimpia Niglio ◽  
Noriko Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Landscape Conservation ◽  
Edo Period ◽  
Heian Period ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Kyoto City ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The City

<p>Kyoto has been the capital of Japan from 794 until when the capital has moved in 1868 to Tokyo with the end of Tokugawa Shoguns and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration. The loss of the seat of government was a shock to citizens of Kyoto as the city had been the Imperial and Cultural center of the nation for over 1.000 years. The combination of the court and the great temples had enlivened and enriched the life of the city. At the beginning of the founding of the capital, in the Heian period (794-1185) to east of Kyoto, was built a noble and religious place. This area is Okazaki. Here the Emperor Kammu (736-805) had created the city of Heian-kyo (Kyoto) in 794. This area was full of Temples and Shrines. Only in the Edo period (1603-1867) Okazaki area assumed the role of suburban agricultural zone which provided the food production to the urban habitants. But after the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), the role of Okazaki area changes completely. In 1885, Kyoto prefecture started the great public canalization project as the water supply between Kyoto and Otsu of Shiga prefecture. Kyoto prefecture also planed the industrial district construction in Okazaki area. From the late nineteenth century Okazaki area became a symbol of the modernization of Kyoto city. This contribution intends to analyze the urban landscape composed of the different styles of architecture especially constructed after the Meiji period (1868-1912). Tangible and intangible signs remained as modern gardens, significant museums and cultural institutions among the ancient temples provide opportunities to reflect on the important role of suburban area of the historic city. These studies are supported by archival documents and by current measures and policies for landscape conservation by Kyoto Municipality.</p>

scholarly journals Temperature, Disease, and Death in London: Analyzing Weekly Data for the Century from 1866 to 1965

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
W. Walker Hanlon ◽  
Casper Worm Hansen ◽  
Jake Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Using novel weekly mortality data for London spanning 1866-1965, we analyze the changing relationship between temperature and mortality as the city developed. Our main results show that warm weeks led to elevated mortality in the late nineteenth century, mainly due to infant deaths from digestive diseases. However, this pattern largely disappeared after WWI as infant digestive diseases became less prevalent. The resulting change in the temperature-mortality relationship meant that thousands of heat-related deaths—equal to 0.9-1.4 percent of all deaths— were averted. These findings show that improving the disease environment can dramatically alter the impact of high temperature on mortality.

The City, the Countryside and the Social Gospel in Late Victorian Nonconformity

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Bebbington
Keyword(s):  
Church Attendance ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The late nineteenth-century city posed problems for English nonconformists. The country was rapidly being urbanised. By 1881 over one third of the people lived in cities with a population of more than one hundred thousand. The most urbanised areas gave rise to the greatest worry of all the churches: large numbers there were failing to attend services. The religious census of 1851 had already shown that the largest towns were the places where there were the fewest worshippers, although nonconformists gained some crumbs of comfort from the knowledge that nonconformist attendances were greater than those of the church of England. Unofficial surveys in the 1880S revealed no improvement. Instead, although few were immediately conscious of it, in that decade the membership of all the main evangelical nonconformist denominations began to fall relative to population. And it was always the same social group that was most conspicuously unreached: the lower working classes, the bottom of the social pyramid. In poor neighbourhoods church attendance was lowest. In Bethnal Green at the turn of the twentieth century, for instance, only 6.8% of the adult population attended chapel, and only 13.3% went to any place of worship. Consequently nonconformists, like Anglicans, were troubled by the weakness of their appeal.

Retail markets and retail market studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-261
Author(s):  
Rena Mourouzi-Sivitanidou ◽  
Petros Sivitanides
Keyword(s):  
Retail Market ◽  
Retail Markets

Survey of the Bacterial Populations of Bologna Products1,2

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 692-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN T. FRUIN ◽  
JAMES F. FOSTER ◽  
JAMES L. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Bologna products most frequently are stored and consumed as refrigerated products. Thus bacteria that survive processing or those that contaminate the product subsequent to processing are not destroyed. Ten types of presliced, vacuum-packaged bologna products were purchased from a high-volume retail market and analyzed for total aerobic plate count (APC) and common foodborne pathogens. No Salmonella were isolated. Less than 1% of the 419 samples analyzed contained either Clostridium perfringens or Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 4% of the samples, but only one sample contained more than 1000/g. Just over 5% of the samples contained coliform organisms. The manufacturer appeared to play an important role in bacterial quality of the finished items. An APC &lt; 5 × 106/g is a realistic criterion for bologna products at the time of delivery to retail markets.

scholarly journals Estimating Finance Results of Retail Companies

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-200
Author(s):  
I. V. Prosviriakova
Keyword(s):  
Open Data ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Accounting Reports ◽  
Trade Market ◽  
Capital Value

On present day Russian retail trade market, which is an integral part of society, there are a lot of different companies. To continue their work companies shall analyze numerous finance figures that are closely connected with each other. Changes in one of them can cause changes in others, which shows the importance of choosing an adequate indicator that could foster higher efficiency of company’ work in general. The principle goal of the article is to show the essential finance indicators of retail companies, on whose foundation policy of efficient management is built. The author studies drag points that hinder more efficient development of the company in the field of retail trade, he also reveals the lines that can help companies improve their work. The biggest participants of retail market are analyzed, such companies as ‘Magnit’, ‘Detskiy Mir’, ‘M. Video’, ‘Lenta’. On the basis of open data of their accounting reports the article studies figures of their profitability, turnover, finance stability, average-weighted capital value, defines the effect of finance leverage and proposes lines in which companies can raise their efficiency by changing the current policy.

scholarly journals Land of the Morning Calm, Land of the Rising Sun: The East Asia Travel Writings of Isabella Bird and George Curzon

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihang Park
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Opium War ◽  
Travel Writings ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Fierce Competition

The developments in East Asia in the late nineteenth century became a matter of great interest to Britain. The rise of Japan and the wrangles among the great powers over China and Korea were some of the issues that put East Asia in the spotlight. In China, Western powers had been contending fiercely for economic and political hegemony since the Opium War. Japan, after abandoning its national policy of seclusion in 1854, carried out the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and was driving towards rapid Westernization. Here modernization took place in a relatively smooth manner and there was no need to fear external threats, but domestic tensions were inevitable. Finally Korea, after being forced to open its doors in 1876, suffered from acute dissensions between conservatives and progressives, and fierce competition between China, Japan and Russia over hegemony in Korea complicated the situation further.

Rebuilding the City, Leaving it behind

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wells
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Suburban Developments ◽  
The City

As U.S. cities burgeoned in the late nineteenth century, their environmental problems multiplied. In response, some urban elites worked to rebuild the city to alleviate its environmental ills; others relocated to more environmentally enticing surroundings in new suburban developments. For members of both groups, new forms of transportation infrastructure profoundly shaped how they responded to the era's environmental crisis. Whereas efforts to rebuild and retrofit downtown were hampered by the difficulties and expense of working in densely built and populated areas, efforts to build on the urban fringe faced few serious obstacles. As a result, the most significant late nineteenth-century attempts to use transportation to remake city dwellers' relationships with nature in the United States - including tools developed with an eye on rebuilding dense city centers - exercised far greater influence on the expanding periphery of cities than on their environmentally fraught cores.

scholarly journals HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAK ISSUES IN THE TEXTS OF LAJOS HAAN IN THE BACKGROUND OF CULTURAL AND LITERARY SCIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-674
Author(s):  
Patrik Šenkár
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The City

Slovaks living abroad form an integral part of the Slovak national cultural context. They create values that need to be preserved, enhanced and point out their versatility and use for contemporary forms of cultural identification. Slovaks in Hungary, who have been living in the vicinity of Békéscsaba for more than three hundred years, are also an important component of the Slovak minority of Hungarian Lowland. From this “Slovak Palestine”, as Ján Kollár named it, in the 18th and 19th century a historical-religious-cultural center of Slovaks (and also Hungarians) was created, which can still be rightfully proud of its heritage. Being a part of it, as a kind of pioneer, even as a historical basis, is also the personality of Lajos Haan (1818-1891), who performed his versatile activity in the chronotope of “Hungarian and Slovak” Békéscsaba. In this spirit, the article interprets his letters, his diary, “Pamätnosti” (Memoirs) and “Dejiny” (History), while presenting material and immaterial sources, monuments, inspirations that have been, are and will certainly be useful in artistic, cultural and literary “communication”. It is based on the attributes of cultural and literary science, which is thus an integrative model of literature research: a set of approaches that focus on cultural topics, theories and methods. The region of Békéscsaba ( pars pro toto: contemporary Hungary) is its focus. In selected texts of his material writings, Lajos Haan reflects his closer understanding of cooperation with the environment, from a broader point of view the intra- and interculturality of Hungarians and Slovaks: their coexistence, cooperation and diverse creative efforts. It points out the importance of Haanʼs personal contacts within the contemporary social environment, which is also specified in his personal letters. Memoirs are a testimony of an intellectual from the second half of the 19 century; to today's reader they will reveal the “strange, interesting, Hungarian” atmosphere of the time - in the background of social, political, historical, cultural and literary attributes. The description of the characteristic features of the city is a symbol of the peaceful coexistence of nations and nationalities in the Lowlands. In fact, the article presents the complex activity of an unusual personality: a Hungarian historian and a Slovak priest in one person, Lajos Haan, whose texts are interesting and current for today.

La bohème’s Paris

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-56
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
La Boheme ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

This chapter analyses the ways in which La bohème was influenced by popular romantic representations of Paris and the ways in which it, in turn, helped shape them. It discusses the late nineteenth-century Italian fascination with French culture and the way in which Puccini’s opera was nostalgically depicting an old Paris that had been swept away by Baron Haussmann’s regeneration of the city. The chapter considers Puccini’s conception of Bohemianism, demonstrating that it had Italian as well as French roots. It examines the composer and his librettists’ reading of certain archetypal Bohemian figures, such as the good-hearted demimondaine, and of symbolic Parisian locations, such as the pavement café. The chapter concludes with a consideration of Puccini’s representation of ‘picturesque poverty’ and discusses the ways in which directors have attempted to make the work more or less gritty through their stagings.

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