Changthangi Goats: A rich source of pashmina production in Ladakh

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Bhattacharya ◽  
S.S. Misra ◽  
F.D. Sheikh ◽  
P. Kumar ◽  
A. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Preliminary Study

SummaryPashmina, internationally known as “cashmere”, a fine luxury fibre, is being produced from Changthangi goats bred in the Ladakh region of India. The Leh district of Greater Ladakh produces around 30 000 kg of pashmina fibre which is harvested from about 0.15 million Changthangi goats reared by the Changpa nomads in Changthang region of Greater Ladakh. Changthangi goats are sometimes also called Changra goats. Pashmina producing goats are of great importance for revitalising the economy of the poverty stricken region of Changthang and the Leh district of Ladakh. The information on Changthangi goats was collected from both small and large-scale farmers in Ladakh, and 337 animals were included in the study.The body colour of Changthangi goats varies from white to light brown and nearly whole body is covered with pashmina and long hairs. The average birth weights of male and female kids were estimated as 2.11 ± 0.3 and 2.06 ± 0.2 kg, respectively while weight at 300 days was found to be 20.0 ± 2.1 and 18.7 ± 1.9 kg in male and females respectively.The pashmina yields of bucks, does, male hoggets and female hoggets were estimated as 402 ± 19 g, 248 ± 14 g, 255 ± 12 and 280 ± 16 g, respectively. The length of pashmina fibre was found to be 4.25 ± 1.2 cm in males and 4.02 ± 1.5 cm in females while fibre diameter in male and female goats was estimated as 12.9 ± 2.6 μ and 13.0 ± 3.0 μ, respectively.The twining rate was found to be very low, nearly 0.3%. A preliminary study at DNA level with PCR-RFLP indicated monomorphism at the growth hormone gene. The occurrence of disease was quite low although some genetic deformities in this breed were not uncommon.

scholarly journals Identification of Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) Gene Polymorphism Using PCR-RFLP Method in Buffalo Bulls

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
M. I. S. Hazlan Shah ◽  
M. S. Salisi ◽  
H. Wahid ◽  
M. S. Yahaya ◽  
Y. Rosnina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Single Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Single Polypeptide ◽  
Gland Development

Growth Hormone (GH) is a single polypeptide chain synthesised and secreted from anterior pituitary gland by somatroph cells. The product of GH gene hastens metabolism and promotes the growth of many organs and tissues especially bone, muscle and visceral organs. It also regulates growth, mammary gland development and lactation. Polymorphism in this gene is associated with increase in growth and development of many tissues in the body. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) using the PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique. Design: Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 10 bulls, consisting of Murrah – Swamp crossbred and pure Swamp buffalo bulls. A The 446 segment of the bGH gene was amplified. The DNA amplicons were detected in 2% agarose gel following 45 minutes of electrophoresis. They were thereafter digesting with AluI endonuclease restriction enzyme, and the digested DNA were detected in 2% agarose gel following electrophoresis for about 45minutes in all samples Results: Similar bands of approximately 300 and 146-bp each, with no variation, were detected in 2% agarose gel following electrophoresis in all the animals tested. Conclusion: Based on the Alu1 digestion result, all samples produced the same allele of the gene, with no polymorphism detected.

Polymorphism Of Exon 2-3 Of Growth Hormone Gene In Surti and Mehsani Goats by PCR-RFLP

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jyotishree Bayan ◽  
Vishnu Kharadi ◽  
Umed Ramani ◽  
Mamta Janmeda ◽  
Pawar Vallabh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Pcr Rflp

PCR-RFLP Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene and Its Association with Growth and Morphometric Traits in Ganjam and Baigani Goats of Odisha

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Karna ◽  
A. Aradhana ◽  
G. D. Nayak ◽  
N. Sahoo ◽  
L. K. Sahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Restriction Enzyme ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Rflp

Background: Growth Hormone (GH) gene codes for the growth hormone, an anabolic hormone synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of pituitary. Growth hormone influences many processes such as growth, lactation, reproduction and metabolism. Genetic variation in the gene are utilized as markers for selecting animals that are superior in terms growth, production and reproduction traits. Information available on the polymorphism of growth hormone gene of Ganjam and Baigani goats of Odisha is scanty. The current investigation was done to explore the genetic variation of this gene and its association with morphometric traits. Methods: Genetic polymorphism in exon 2 and 3 of Growth hormone gene in Ganjam goat and Baigani goat was explored with sample size of 100 goats for each. The goats belonged to three locations: Khallikote, Rambha, Chattrapur of Ganjam district. The goats were recorded for their body weights, morphometric traits and morphological traits. Genomic DNA was isolated, the target segment comprising exons 2 and 3 was amplified and PCR-RFLP was carried out using Hae III restriction enzyme. Genotypes were scored. Result: PCR of the locus resulted in 422 bp PCR product. PCR-RFLP using Hae III restriction enzyme yielded only two variants in both the populations. The variant A had only one restriction recognition site on the target gene segment yielding two bands with size of 366bp and 56bp whereas the variant B did not have any restriction site with single band of 422bp. Three genotypes AA, AB and BB were found in both the population. In both the population, the gene and genotype frequency were significantly deviated from the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium frequency. There was a significant difference in the genotype frequencies of growth hormone gene between Ganjam and Baigani goats. The AB genotype had higher mean value for all morphometric traits than AA and BB genotype though the differences were not found to be significant.

scholarly journals Assessment of growth hormone gene polymorphism effects on reproductive traits in Holstein dairy cattle in Tunisia

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihem Amiri ◽  
Bayrem Jemmali ◽  
Mohamed Amine Ferchichi ◽  
Hajer Jeljeli ◽  
Rekik Boulbaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bovine Species

Abstract. Research to assess the effect of single genes on reproductive traits in bovine species is imperative to elucidate genes' functions and acquire a better perspective of quantitative traits. The present study was undertaken to characterize genetic diversity in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene in a population of 410 Holstein dairy cows in Tunisia. The analyses were based on single nucleotide polymorphisms, and GH-AluI and GH-MspI detections and genotyping were carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model with the MIXED procedure to reveal the possible effect of GH genotypes on reproductive traits. The frequency data of AluI(L//V) and MspI(+//−) alleles were 87.04//12.96 and 70.06//29.94, respectively. The distribution of the frequency of GH genotypes for LL/LV/VV and (−/−)//(+/−)//(+/+) were 77.75//18.59//3.66 and 15.37//29.13//55.50, respectively. The results of the statistical analyses proved that GH-AluI showed a substantial favorable effect on exanimate traits except for the age at first calving; however, only a suggestive effect of GH-MspI on the calving interval (CI) and the days open (DI) was found. The homozygous LL genotype seemed to be advantageous with respect to the CI and the DI compared with LV and VV genotypes. Heterozygous MspI(+/−) cows tended to have a longer CI and DI than MspI(+/+) and MspI(−/−) cows, but the difference was not statistically significant. A significant effect of different GH-AluI–MspI combined genotypes was found on the number of inseminations per conception, the CI and the DI, and the LL/– combined genotype seemed to be associated with better reproductive performance. Based on these results, the LL genotype of the GH locus can be considered to be a favorable genotype for reproductive traits in Holstein dairy cattle, although these findings need to be confirmed by further research before polymorphisms can be used in a marker-assisted selection program.

scholarly journals Sociality and Interaction Envelope Organize Visual Action Representations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leyla Tarhan ◽  
Talia Konkle
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Social Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain

Humans observe a wide range of actions in their surroundings. How is the visual cortex organized to process this diverse input? Using functional neuroimaging, we measured brain responses while participants viewed short videos of everyday actions, then probed the structure in these responses using voxel-wise encoding modeling. Responses were well fit by feature spaces that capture the body parts involved in an action and the action’s targets (i.e. whether the action was directed at an object, another person, the actor, and space). Clustering analyses revealed five large-scale networks that summarized the voxel tuning: one related to social aspects of an action, and four related to the scale of the interaction envelope, ranging from fine-scale manipulations directed at objects, to large-scale whole-body movements directed at distant locations. We propose that these networks reveal the major representational joints in how actions are processed by visual regions of the brain.Significance StatementHow does the brain perceive other people’s actions? Prior work has established that much of the visual cortex is active when observing others’ actions. However, this activity reflects a wide range of processes, from identifying a movement’s direction to recognizing its social content. We investigated how these diverse processes are organized within the visual cortex. We found that five networks respond during action observation: one that is involved in processing actions’ social content, and four that are involved in processing agent-object interactions and the scale of the effect that these actions have on the world (its “interaction envelope”). Based on these findings, we propose that sociality and interaction envelope size are two of the major features that organize action perception in the visual cortex.

scholarly journals Associations between the AluI polymorphism of growth hormone gene and production and reproduction traits in a Hungarian Holstein-Friesian bull dam population

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kovács ◽  
J. Völgyi-Csík ◽  
A. Zsolnai ◽  
I. Györkös ◽  
L. Fésüs
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Reproduction Traits

Abstract. The aim of this paper was to study the polymorphisms of bovine growth hormone gene. The authors genotyped 363 Hungarian Holstein-Friesian bull dams from 6 farms all over the country. Two variants (L and V) of the bovine growth hormone gene digested with AluI enzyme were identified in the experiment. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP method. The frequency data of L and V allele was 0.93 and 0.07 respectively. Distribution of the three genotypes were 87.05% (LL), 12.40% (LV) and 0.55% (VV). The studied population was in H-W equilibrium considering the genotype distribution. SPSS 11.0 for Windows was used to reveal the possible correlations between GH genotypes and production and reproduction traits and further statistical analyses. On the basis of statistical analyses it can be found that VV genotype cows had the longest milking period and LL had the shortest dry period. Both differences were significant. Cows with LV genotype had significantly higher test milking data than LL cows. Furthermore, LV genotype seemed to be advantageous for 305 days lactation milk yield. While milk composition traits, as 305 days milk fat and protein percent showed the opposite tendency, since LL genotyped dams produced significantly higher values in these traits.

Human Thoracolumbar Spine Tolerance to Injury and Mechanisms From Caudo-Cephalad Impacts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Prashant Khandelwal ◽  
Vaibhav Porwal ◽  
John Humm
Keyword(s):  
Load Transfer ◽  
Thoracolumbar Spine ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
The Body ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Flexion Extension

Abstract The human thoracolumbar spinal column sustains axial loading under physiological and traumatic loading situations. Clinical studies have focused on the former scenario, and the investigation of low back pain issues and spinal stabilization using artificial devices such as arthroplasty are examples. Investigative studies have largely used quasi-static and vibration loading on the spine segment(s) and spinal columns. The traumatic loading scenario is relatively less researched, and it is a dynamic event. Injuries under this scenario occur in sports, automotive, and combat environments. Impact vectors include flexion-extension modes in automotive crash events. Vertical or caudal to cephalad oriented impacts have been identified in both automotive and military scenarios. Frontal impacts to restrained occupants in the automotive and underbody blast impacts from improvised explosive device in combat situations are examples of the vertical loading vector. Although some studies have been conducted using whole body human cadavers and isolated spinal columns, determinations have not been made of the injury risks and stress and strain responses for a variety of accelerative pulses. The aims of the present investigation were to delineate the internal biomechanics of the spinal column under this impact vector and assess the probability of injury. Male and female whole-body human finite element models were used in the study. The occupants were restrained and positioned on the seat, and caudo-cephalad impacts were applied to the base. Different acceleration-time profiles (pulse durations ranging from 50 to 200 ms and peak accelerations varying from 11 g to 46 g) were used as inputs in both male and female models. The resulting stress-strain profiles in the cortical and cancellous bones were evaluated at different vertebral levels. Using the peak transmitted forces at the thoracolumbar disc level as the response variable, the probability of injury for the male spine was obtained from experimental risk curves for the various accelerative pulses. Results showed that the shorter pulse durations and rise times impart greater loading on the thoracolumbar spine. The analysis of von Mises stress and strain distributions showed that the compression-related fractures of vertebrae are multifaceted with contributions from both the cortical and cancellous bony components of the body. Profiles are provided in the body of the paper for different spinal levels. The intervertebral disc may be involved in the fracture mechanism, because it acts as a medium of load transfer between adjacent vertebrae. Injury risks for the shortest pulse was sixty-three percent, and for the widest pulse it was close to zero, and injury probabilities for other pulses are given. The present computational modeling study provides insights into the mechanisms of the internal load transfer and describe the injury risk levels from caudal to cephalad impacts.

scholarly journals Effect of Codon Optimisation on the Production of Recombinant Fish Growth Hormone inPichia pastoris

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussin A. Rothan ◽  
Teh Ser Huy ◽  
Zulqarnain Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Codon Optimization ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Absolute Methanol ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Feed Supplements

This study was established to test the hypothesis of whether the codon optimization of fish growth hormone gene (FGH) based onP. pastorispreferred codon will improve the quantity of secreted rFGH in culture supernatant that can directly be used as fish feed supplements. The optimizedFGHcoding sequence (oFGH) and native sequence (nFGH) of giant grouper fish (Epinephelus lanceolatus) were cloned intoP. pastorisexpression vector (pPICZαA) downstream ofalcohol oxidasegene (AOX1) for efficient induction of extracellular rFGH by adding 1% of absolute methanol. The results showed that recombinantP. pastoriswas able to produce2.80±0.27 mg of oFGH compared to1.75±0.25of nFGH in one litre of culture supernatant. The total body weight of tiger grouper fingerlings fed with oFGH increased significantly at third (P<0.05) and fourth weeks (P<0.01) of four-week experiment period compared to those fed with nFGH. Both oFGH and nFGH significantly enhanced the final biomass and fish survival percentage. In conclusion, codon optimization ofFGHfragment was useful to increase rFGH quantity in the culture supernatant ofP. pastoristhat can be directly used as fish feed supplements. Further studies are still required for large scale production of rFGH and practical application in aquaculture production.

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