The Sun Herald Sydney City-2-Surf Fun Run – Historical Injury Patterns and Factors Influencing Injury Type and Frequency

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
John C. Vassil ◽  
Linda Winn ◽  
David J. Heslop
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
People First ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Mass Participation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

AbstractIntroduction:The Sydney City-2-Surf (Australia) fun run is the world’s largest annual run entered by around 80,000 people. First aid planning at mass-participation running events such as the City-2-Surf is an area in the medical literature that has received little attention. Consequently, first aid planning for these events is based on experience rather than evidence. The models for predicting casualties that currently exist in the literature are either dated or not statistically significant.Aim:The aim of this study was to characterize patterns of injuries linked to geographic location across the course of the City-2-Surf, and to explore relationships of injury types with location and meteorological conditions.Methods:Records for formally treated casualties and meteorological conditions were obtained for the race years 2010-2016 and statistically analyzed to find associations between meteorological conditions, geographic conditions, casualty types, and location.Results:The most common casualties encountered were heat exhaustion or hyperthermia (39.2%), musculoskeletal (25.4%), and physical exhaustion (10.2%). Associations were found between gradient and the location. Type of casualty incidence with the individual distribution trends of casualty types were quite clear. Clusters of musculoskeletal casualties emerged in the parts of the course with the steepest negative gradients, while a cluster of cardiovascular events was found to occur at the top of the “heartbreak hill,” the longest climb of the race. Regression analysis highlighted the linear relationship between the number of heat and physical exhaustion casualties and the apparent temperature (AT) at 12:00pm (R2 = 0.59; P = .044). This linear equation was used to formulate a model to predict these casualties.Conclusion:The findings of this study demonstrate the relationship between meteorological conditions, geographic conditions, and casualties. This will assist planners of other similar events to determine optimum allocation of resources to anticipated injury and illness burden.

scholarly journals The Sun Herald Sydney City-2-Surf Fun Run: Historical Injury Patterns and Development of a Predictive Model to Inform Health Service Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s41-s41
Author(s):  
David Heslop ◽  
John Vassil ◽  
Linda Winn
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
People First ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Mass Participation ◽  
The City

Introduction:The Sydney City-2-Surf is the world’s largest annual run entered by around 80,000 people. First aid planning at mass participation running events such as the City-2-Surf is an area in the medical literature that has received little attention. Consequently, first aid planning for these events is based on experience rather than evidence. The models for predicting casualties that currently exist in the literature are either dated or not statistically significant.Aim:The aim of this study was to characterize patterns of injuries linked to geographic location across the course of the City-2-Surf, and to explore relationships of injury types with location and meteorological conditions.Methods:Records for formally treated casualties and meteorological conditions were obtained for the race years 2010-2016 and statistically analyzed to find associations between meteorological conditions, geographic conditions, casualty types, and location.Results:The most common casualties encountered were heat exhaustion or hyperthermia (39.2%), musculoskeletal (25.4%), and physical exhaustion (10.2%). Associations were found between gradient and the location. Type of casualty incidence with the individual distribution trends of casualty types were quite clear. Clusters of musculoskeletal casualties emerged in the parts of the course with the steepest negative gradients, while a cluster of cardiovascular events was found to occur at the top of the ‘heartbreak hill,’ the longest climb of the race. Regression analysis highlighted the linear relationship between the number of heat and physical exhaustion casualties and the apparent temperature (AT) at 12pm (R²= 0.59, P=0.044). This linear equation was used to formulate a model to predict these casualties.Discussion:The findings of this study demonstrate the relationship between meteorological conditions, geographic conditions, and casualties. This will assist planners of other similar events to determine optimum allocation of resources to anticipated injury and illness burden.

scholarly journals Zuiderzeestädte an der Ostsee

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 39-59
Author(s):  
Louis Sicking
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Regional Concentration ◽  
C 50 ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Zuiderzee towns in the Baltic. ‘Vitten’ and ‘Vögte’ – Space and urban representatives in late-medieval ScaniaThe Scania peninsula in the southwest of present-day Sweden was one of the most important trading centres of medieval Northern Europe due to the seasonal presence of immense swarms of herring which attracted large numbers of fishermen and traders. Streching back from the beach of Scania were the so-called vitten, which the traders, grouped by region or city, held as their own, legally autonomous trade settlements, from the Danish King. Initially, these were seasonal trading colonies that were occupied only for the duration of the fair, which began in August and ended in November. In the late Middle Ages the vitten developed into miniature towns, modest off-shoots from the traders‘ mother city. The presence on a small peninsula (c 50 km2) of so many fishermen and merchants who did business together and came from different cities could easily have led to tensions and conflict. What was the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the vitten at Scania and the urban representatives of the vitten, the so-called vögte or governors? This question is addressed by focusing on the vitten of the Zuiderzee towns. Their vitten, among which were numbered those of eastern Zuiderzee cities like Kampen and Zutphen as well as those of western cities like Amsterdam, Brielle and Zierikzee, were part of the Hanse. However, the vitten of these cities have been virtually neglected in historiography. The territorial or local-topographical development of these vitten was characterized by regional concentration: the Zuiderzee vitten were located close or adjacent to one another. The new vitten of Zierikzee and Amsterdam bordered on that of Kampen. Traders from cities and towns without their own vitte were housed in a vitte of a neighboring city: those of Deventer and Zwolle, for instance, in the vitte of  Kampen, those of Enkhuizen and Wieringen in the Amsterdam vitte and those from Schouwen island in the vitte of Zierikzee. The vitten of the eastern Zuiderzee towns were founded at the beginning of the fourteenth century, that is on average half a century earlier than those of the western Zuiderzee towns. The count of Holland and Zealand initially appointed the Zierikzee vogt or governor for all his subjects. Later on, the cities in his counties then had their own governors, first appointed by the count, later by the city (with or without the count‘s approval). The development of the representation of Holland and Zeeland towns in Scania differs from what was characteristic of the eastern Zuiderzee towns. Neither the Count /Duke of Guelders nor the bishop of Utrecht (as overlord of the Oversticht) attempted to interfere with the individual towns‘ governors or the vitten. The trend towards territorialisation in Scania was unmistakable. Although foreign traders, by reason of their origins, were subject to the jurisdiction of their mother city (the personality principle), a fact reflected in the responsibility of the vogt for the citizens in question, they were also increasingly spatially limited in Scania. This was a consequence of the limited space available, of the pursuit of control over one’s own community, and of the goal of allowing different urban groups to live together peaceably, prevent conflicts and guarantee the conduct of international trade. In this way the vitten, in particular those of the Zuiderzee towns that were further away from their mother cities, can be understood as urban colonies overseas.

scholarly journals Urban capital and the chronotope of the city: A new look at urban everyday life

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-311
Author(s):  
Tatiana Martsinkovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
City Environment ◽  
City Space ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The article considers various aspects of urban everyday life, its role in the development of motivation and individualization of human life strategies. The concept of urban capital is introduced and its forms, which positively and negatively affect the formation of the features of urban everyday life, are revealed. The levels of urban capital, which allow to explore the individual style of urban socialization are highlighted. Furthermore, the relationship between urban identity and the internal form of the city chronotope is analyzed. It is shown that common to all variants of human positioning in the city space is the identification or attitude to various aspects of urban capital — localization, city status, social and ecological environment. It is proved that the main difference between these concepts is in the focusing of urban identity (as well as in a sharper form of urban capital) on the external parameters of the city environment, while the internal form of the urban chronotope emphasizes the inner feeling of a person, his own experience in certain places and time in a particular cityscape. This difference indicates the role of the personal chronotope, its internal form in the self-development and self-realization of a person and the connection with existence, intentionality of the personality. The similarity of the concepts of individual chronotope and small chronotope is shown; their influence on the development of the plot (in literature) and the structuring of the human world (in psychology) is analyzed. The relationship between individual parameters of the internal form of a personal chronotope as well as places and times in a small chronotope in their role in restructuring the large chronotope of a city into the human world is examined.

scholarly journals The detection of cholera vibrios in Calcutta waters: the River Hooghly and canals

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Abou-Gareeb
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Enrichment Medium ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Continuous Potential ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Biochemical Examination

1. Before undertaking a bacteriological survey of the waters of the Hooghly River and the associated canals a detailed epidemiological study over the past 20 years of cholera, as it affected the individual administrative wards of Calcutta, was undertaken. Sampling points were selected in accordance with the results of this study. Samples of water from the various points were collected at intervals extending from December 1958 to August 1959 in 2½–5 l. amounts. The whole sample in each case was filtered through special filter pads. The pads were first cultured in an enrichment medium from which plate cultures were subsequently made for colony isolation, serological and biochemical examination.2. The sampling points on the canals were all adjacent to areas where the local endemicity was judged to be high; other points were by bathing ghats, etc. A total of eighty-nine samples covering all the sampling points were examined and Vibrio cholerae were isolated from twelve of these samples, eight of which came from twenty-six samples collected from two sampling points on the Chetla and Circular Canals, respectively.3. The positive isolations were spread fairly evenly over the whole period of the study which covered both epidemic and non-epidemic periods including the monsoon. Although the incidence of cholera in Calcutta may fall to a low level during non-epidemic periods cases continue to occur throughout the year and the relationship of the maintenance of the infection in the city to the continuous potential infectivity of the open natural waters of Calcutta is discussed.

scholarly journals Beetles and Meteorological Conditions: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Paulo Gomes Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Animal Grazing

The meteorological factors study in the beetle population dynamics, as well as its association with vegetation, is of fundamental importance for understanding the variation that occurs in its population. Thus, it was reported the influence of temperature, humidity, insolation and precipitation on the beetles in general and it was presented a case study that examined the relationship between time and population fluctuation of curculionids in Mata de Cocal and an area used for crop rotation and animal grazing, in the city of Teresina, Brazil, from August 2011 to July 2012. It was verified that beetles populations certain are governed and conditioned by meteorological variables to a greater or lesser extent depending on the characteristics of the community itself and the biotic and abiotic environmental factors of the area where they live: the temperature that changes the its metabolic rate, the insolation and humidity that can affect its fertility and longevity can be cited as examples. From the case presented, It was found that the Curculionidae community has a positive association with precipitation and humidity and a negative association with insolation and temperature, being that in native forests curculionids are not as dependent on meteorological variables as in agricultural fields.

scholarly journals Relation of influencing variables and weather conditions on rainfall partitioning by birch and pine trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-466
Author(s):  
Katarina Zabret ◽  
Mojca Šraj
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Boosted Regression Trees ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Birch Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Abstract General weather conditions may have a strong influence on the individual elements of the hydrological cycle, an important part of which is rainfall interception. The influence of general weather conditions on this process was analysed, evaluating separately the influence of various variables on throughfall, stemflow, and rainfall interception for a wet (2014), a dry (2015), and an average (2016) year. The analysed data were measured for the case of birch and pine trees at a study site in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The relationship between the components of rainfall partitioning and the influential variables for the selected years was estimated using two statistical models, namely boosted regression trees and random forest. The results of both implemented models complemented each other well, as both indicated the rainfall amount and the number of raindrops as the most influential variables. During the wet year 2014 rainfall duration seems to play an important role, correlating with the previously observed influence of the variables during the wetter leafless period. Similarly, during the dry year 2015, rainfall intensity had a significant influence on rainfall partitioning by the birch tree, again corresponding to the influences observed during the drier leafed period.

scholarly journals Communication aspect of museum activities (experience and innovation of museums of florence)

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
G. Sh. Fayzullina ◽  
E. I. Kubasheva
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Direct Acquaintance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The aim of the research presented in the article is to study the directions and mechanisms of action of museums in innovative practice. The modern museum as a cultural center is more focused on the individual, takes on the functions of organizing the leisure of citizens, responding to the social order, lifestyle. The study of the experience of museums in this context is focused on considering innovation at the local level - the museums of the city of Florence (center of Tuscany), which are a vivid example of the communicative model of the museum. This model of the museum is especially in demand today against the background of the problem of attracting (and retaining) visitors existing in museums around the world and in Kazakhstan. The study of valuable experience and innovative approaches in the communication activities of the best museums in the world can give impetus to the development of museums in Kazakhstan. The situation with the COVID–19 Pandemic has made its own adjustments in the relationship between visitors and museums. Both Florentine and Kazakhstani museums reacted to the situation with interesting projects. It is concluded that the introduction and development of information systems in museums in Italy made it possible to significantly optimize their work, and this, in turn, allowed them to reach a qualitatively new level of presentation of their services and collections. There are ample opportunities for the world museum community to access the Italian heritage.A great help in this study was the master's thesis by Irene di Pietro, which was written in the city of Bologna in 2017. An important source was the personal observations of E.I. Kubasheva in direct acquaintance with the museums of Florence. The research was carried out using narrative and historical-genetic methods.

scholarly journals Careers Boundaries in the Arts in Brazil: An Exploratory Study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Bendassolli ◽  
Thomaz Wood
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Artistic Career ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Do So

Over the last years the scholarly literature on careers has been enriched by the proposal of new career models which present a rhetoric that asks for the end of career boundaries: individual, hierarchical, organizational and geographical. However, in the real world, many constrains continue to exist. This paper tries to contribute to the understanding of the new boundaries of the 21st century careers. To do so we look at the case of careers in the arts. We review existing literature on careers, present a historical, contextual perspective of artistic careers, and conduct field work in the city of São Paulo based on in-depth interviews with 18 Brazilian artists from nine different occupations in the field of arts, whose data were subjected to qualitative content analysis. Our results show that career boundaries exist even in a sector we could consider as historically boundaryless . We identify and discuss four boundaries of the artistic career, seeking to reflect on the importance of considering the relationship of the individual and the context in which he/she operates in order to understand careers today.

scholarly journals Communicative Interaction оf Participants in the Process оf Promotion оn the Individual Residential Market in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
I. V. Hristoforova ◽  
I. A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Private Housing ◽  
Residential Market ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In order to achieve the maximum possible efficiency of modern management in Russia in the market of individual housing communication should be built considering the relationship between market actors, on the basis of which is formed by the housing promotion object that allows you to improve the economic efficiency of an entity in the long term through the generated values relationships. The article is devoted to the consideration of the interaction of key actors in the private housing market, participating in the promotion: building organisations, Realtor firms and consumers. The subject of research: the process of interaction between construction companies, real estate agents and consumer firms, which formed values which affect the effectiveness of the promotion. Tendencies of the development of the individual residential market on the example of the city of Novosibirsk, which allowed updating communication processes of market agents. Despite massive amounts of residential construction, the sales volume of objects of individual pages.

The People’s Park: Investigating Different Forms of Ownership of Victoria Park (1840-1890)

2021 ◽  
pp. 009614422110348
Author(s):  
Victoria Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This paper examines the management of London’s Victoria Park over a fifty-year period from when it was laid out at the beginning of the 1840s to 1890. It investigates questions raised by other recent studies about the relationship between public and private and between the individual and the population within public parks. This is achieved by a consideration of two separate but interlinked aspects of the park: its spatiality (its relationship to the city) and its functionality (its relationship to the individual). By examining these aspects, a palimpsest of different conceptions of Victoria Park can be uncovered, which in turn directly relate to the potential field of actions in the real space of the park.

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