The end of the European university?

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scott
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
European University

The past half-century has been perhaps the European university's greatest age, even compared with the earlier flourishing in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and during the industrial revolution of the 19th century. More universities have been founded; student numbers have increased at an unprecedented rate; and the scholarly and scientific productivity of the universities has been unparalleled. But the university has become for the first time a truly global institution, cut off from its roots in Europe and Europe's colonial empires and open to other, non-European and non-élite, knowledge traditions. At the same time the tight relationship between the university and modernity, or ‘movement’, has been increasingly questioned. For more than a century that relationship has been axiomatic, relegating the university's other role as an agent of continuity and tradition into second place. But the dynamism of socio-economic and technological change in the so-called ‘Knowledge Society’ is now so great that the university's role as a force for stabilization may become more important. As a result the centrality of the university in the European experience could be diminished.

scholarly journals Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
Influential Book ◽  
The University ◽  
Luigi Galvani ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Crucial Experiments

Two hundred years ago, Giovanni Aldini published a highly influential book that reported experiments in which the principles of Luigi Galvani (animal electricity) and Alessandro Volta (bimetallic electricity) were used together for the first time. Aldini was born in Bologna in 1762 and graduated in physics at the University of his native town in 1782. As nephew and assistant of Galvani, he actively participated in a series of crucial experiments with frog's muscles that led to the idea that electricity was the long-sought vital force coursing from brain to muscles. Aldini became professor of experimental physics at the University of Bologna in 1798. He traveled extensively throughout Europe, spending much time defending the concept of his discreet uncle against the incessant attacks of Volta, who did not believe in animal electricity. Aldini used Volta's bimetallic pile to apply electric current to dismembered bodies of animals and humans; these spectacular galvanic reanimation experiments made a strong and enduring impression on his contemporaries. Aldini also treated patients with personality disorders and reported complete rehabilitation following transcranial administration of electric current. Aldini's work laid the ground for the development of various forms of electrotherapy that were heavily used later in the 19th century. Even today, deep brain stimulation, a procedure currently employed to relieve patients with motor or behavioral disorders, owes much to Aldini and galvanism. In recognition of his merits, Aldini was made a knight of the Iron Crown and a councillor of state at Milan, where he died in 1834.

Melchioris Cani Relectio de sacramentis in genere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Hogenmüller
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
German Translation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Academic Year

The third volume of the "Opera omnia Melchioris Cani" covers Cano's first "Relectio de sacramentis in genere". Melchor Cano held this important lecture in the early summer of 1547 as a professor at the University of Salamanca, as a ceremonial lecture at the end of the academic year. The subject itself offers a highly interesting example of sacramental theology, which was widely discussed in the 16th century, in particular at the Council of Trent. First printed in 1550, the lecture was intensively studied until the 19th century. In addition to a general introduction to the author and the topic, a text-critical Latin edition including a German translation is offered here for the first time.

scholarly journals The mycological collection of G. C. Girgensohn from the middle of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadri Pärtel ◽  
Ave Suija ◽  
Iryna Yatsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Lobaria Pulmonaria ◽  
History Museum ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Iucn Criteria

Since 1844, vouchers of mycological specimens collected from the territory of the historic Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire have been preserved in Estonian natural history collections. A pedagogue and an amateur bryologist, Gustav Carl Girgensohn (1786–1872) compiled a collection of 109 specimens of fungi and myxomycetes sampled from the Livonian Governorate, mostly from the vicinity of Tartu, in years 1844–1859. Girgensohn’s collection, which is kept in the fungarium of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, is introduced here for the first time. Among his specimens there are two notable ascomycetes—coprophilous Poronia punctata (Xylariaceae, Sordariomycetes), recently evaluated in Estonia as Critically Endangered according to IUCN criteria, and Microstoma protractum (Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizomycetes), recently evaluated as Endangered. The collection’s eleven quite well-preserved specimens of myxomycetes represent six species, the least common of which is Diderma radiatum. In addition, the article introduces nine lichen specimens and one fungal specimen from Girgensohn’s bryophyte collection at the Natural History Museum of the University of Tartu. The most remarkable species among this collection is Lobaria pulmonaria (Lobariaceae, Lecanoromycetes), red-listed and protected in many countries.

Tradition and Change in the Curriculum of a Liberal or General Education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Mulcahy
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Please check back later for the full article. The idea of a liberal or general education is one of the most consequential and enduring in the history of education. From its origins in antiquity, the idea and the form of liberal arts and sciences curriculum associated with it grew to become a shaping force in the formation of the universities of the Middle Ages. With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century both liberal education and the largely classical content of the curriculum ran into strong opposition. By the late 20th century the traditional idea and varying modifications of its conceptualization and curriculum content on both sides of the Atlantic were frequently reasserted. In response, discontent with liberal education and its curricular expressions took new and increasingly challenging forms. The debate surrounding the idea as applied today in both schools and colleges has a new vibrancy. This is especially evident among those arguing for innovative conceptualizations of the venerable notion of liberal education.

scholarly journals TRYS ACADEMIA EUROPEANA LEMTYS IR UNIVERSITAS VILNENSIS

Problemos ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 9-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Povilas Šaulauskas ◽  
Alfredas Bumblauskas
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
University Education ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
European Universities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Extreme Edge ◽  
The University ◽  
European University

Straipsnyje teigiama, kad universitas, arba Academia Europeana, – tai visų pirma vertybinė, o ne ekonominė, profesinė ar politinė kategorija. Aksiologinė universitetinę erdvę vienijanti struktūra trilypė, ją sudaro trijų skirtingų epochų vertybiniai kodai. Pirma, viduramžių polilogas, pagrįstas multicentrizmo principu ir netarpišku kompetencijos perteikimu. Antra, modernusis statizmas ir scientizmas, besiremiantis nacionaliniu monocentrizmu ir tarpišku, rašytiniu, ir netarpišku, žodiniu, kompetencijos perteikimu. Trečia, šiuolaikinis ekonomizmas ir globalizmas, palaikomas transnacionalinio monocentrizmo ir įtarpintos kompetencijos perteikimo instrumentarijumi. Parodoma, kad Vilniaus universitetas turi visų trijų paradigmų reiškimosi tarpsnius, o Lietuvos Tūkstantmečio idėja yra postūmis konceptualiai permąstyti Vilniaus universiteto patirtis. Straipsnyje parodoma, kad visi trys Academia Europeana vertybiniai dariniai Vilniaus universiteto, matomo kaip europinės universitetinės erdvės „kraštutinio krašto“, istorijoje patyrė esminę radikalizaciją, tačiau išsaugojo prasmių universiteto tradicijas. Tvirtinama, kad tvari universitetinio išsilavinimo plėtra neįmanoma be darnios visų trijų istoriškai susiklosčiusių vertybinių klodų plėtotės, kurios pagrindą sudaro klasikinio polilogo – iš rankų į rankas perduodamos egzistencinės prasmės paieškõs – tradicija.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Europos universitetai, Vilniaus universitetas, išsilavinimo aksiologija, aukštasis mokslas, Bolonijos procesas.The Threefold of Academia Europeana: A Case of Universitas VilnensisMarius Povilas Šaulauskas, Alfredas Bumblauskas SummaryThe article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation.Keywords: European Universities, Vilnius University, axiology of education, higher education, Bologna process.an>

scholarly journals MAUSOLEUM AND MONUMENTS OF ANCIENT CEMETERY IN AGLOBI VILLAGE (TYPOLOGY, EPIGRAPHY, DECOR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-42
Author(s):  
Zamir Sh. Zakariyaev ◽  
Magomedrashid G. Gasanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Central Place ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Decorative Design

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the monuments of the old cemetery in the Dagestan village of Aglobi. These sites were hardly studied before. The central place in the cemetery is occupied by a large domed mausoleum with a burial inside. Unlike the vast majority of other Dagestani mausoleums, the building in Aglobi is made of bricks. In our opinion, the mausoleum was originally built in the late Middle Ages (XV-XVI centuries), and at the very beginning of the XVIII century. it was repaired, as evidenced by an inscription dated 1114 / 1702–03. The study of the epigraphy of the mausoleum made it possible to establish both the name of the person buried in it, who was a Sufi (feast), and the name of the organizer of the repair and restoration work. The latter is marked with the social term mujavir, which was first recorded in the epigraphy of Dagestan. The carried out analysis of the grave monuments indicates that the formation of the cemetery took place over several centuries. The old grave monuments of the cemetery chronologically cover the period from the Late Middle Ages to the middle of the 19th century. The study of the monuments includes an analysis of their typology (sarcophagi, rectangular-vertical steles), decorative elements. For the first time, the Arabic-language epigraphy of the Aglobi monuments is introduced into scientific circulation. It was established that the style of the epitaphs, the external appearance and decorative design of the grave monuments of the cemetery have direct analogies with the monuments of the Derbent zone, the historical regions of South Dagestan, and also Shirvan.

scholarly journals The comparative analysis of Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and hacienda economic system of Latin America in the context of capitalist world system: from the second half of the 18th to the second half of the 19th centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-65
Author(s):  
Darius Žiemelis
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The paper compares for the first time in historiography the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems of the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period corresponds to the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically closed economic kind (they were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but displayed only peripheral (agrarian) capitalism features.

THE STARS, MILDEW, RUST AND THE WASTE LAND IN THE STORY OF THE GRAIL*

Trictrac ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Philippe Walter
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Chretien De Troyes ◽  
Holy Grail ◽  
The Waste Land ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
As If ◽  
The Middle Ages

When the Grail emerged unobtrusively for the first time shortly after 1180 in The Story of the Grail authored by Chrétien de Troyes it was hardly noticeable. It emerged in the context, viewed from certain angles, of a table ritual on the occasion of a feast presented by the Fisher King to young Perceval whom he invited to share his table. When it appeared before the two table guests it did not stop in front of them but disappeared into a side chamber. It was accompanied by a plate, a serving dish on which to carve meat. But it was also preceded by a bleeding lance whose presence at the feast seemed wholly out of context and inexplicable. The rather cryptic description of the grail, replete with hidden meanings and ambiguities, started a myth, more evocative than anything the Middle Ages had ever known. The Grail theme remained in evidence throughout the Middle Ages, then disappeared from the 16th to the 19th century, then sprang into life vividly once more in the form of Wagnerian opera as Parzifal. Today all manifestations of the Grail are egregiously misrepresented as if it had always been the Holy Grail. It behooves us to take another look at its earliest manifestation before all the transformations and Christianisations to which it was subjected by western culture1. In fact, the original Grail had nothing at all in common with Christianity.

scholarly journals THE RESEARCH OF THE ANNALISTIC MYCHESK

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-159
Author(s):  
S. V. Pavlenko ◽  
A. P. Tomashevskyi ◽  
H. V. Tsvik ◽  
S. F. Halytskyi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The city of Mychesk (Mychsk) is mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the episode of the chase of Halich Prince Volodymyr Volodarovych for Prince Iziaslav Mstyslavych during his raid in 1151 to Kyiv occupied at that time by Prince Yurii Dolhorukyi. In the middle of the 19th century E. Rulikovskyi and L. Pokhilevych, having based on local legends, localized Mychesk on the territory of Mykgorod — a suburb of Radomyshl (today the part of city). The remains of the fortifications (ramparts and ditches), located on the peninsula at the influx of the Myka river into the Teteriv, were considered as the rests of Mychesk. For the first time, they were examined and described by V. Antonovych in the late 19th cent. Most of the researchers such as M. Hrushevskyi, A. Kuza, V. Misiats agreed with this version of Mychesk localization. In 1973 and 1985 M. Kuchera has made the survey on the territory of that peninsula and dug the prospect holes on the territory of Mykgorod fortifications. As a result, no artifacts and cultural layers dated to Old Rus period were found on the site or adjoining territory. The researcher considered this site to be the remains of a fortified churchyard in the Late Middle Ages. In 2009 and 2011 the additional researches of Mykgorod were made by the authors of the paper. The artifacts of Old Rus period have not been discovered. Instead of that fact, in 2011, numerous fragments of pottery dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century and at the 12th—13th century were found in the central historical part of the modern city. Artifacts were located on the high terrace of the left bank of Myka river, in the garden of school # 3 and on the neighboring backyards. Huge cultural layer was obsereved in the prospect hole, the lower horizons of this layer are well preserved and provide the findings of ceramics dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century. In the autumn of 2019, the authors carried out the rescue exploration on the school territory caused by construction of the school water and sewer system. In the communication trench the cultural layers, its capacity and current state of preservation were traced. The remains of three objects destroyed by modern machines were also recognized, they are dated to the Old Rus period. The ceramics dated to the 10th—18th centuries was collected. It should be noticed that in 2011 and in 2019 the fragments of plinth (a Greek brick) were found on the surface and during exploration. For the first view it can be dated to the late 11th — the first third of the 12th cent. These findings ought to show the existence of the stone church in Mychesk at the Middle Ages. Thus, the question of localization of the annalistic Mychesk consider to be fundamentally resolved. To form the complete scientific understanding of this Old Rus city we need further special historical and archeological research.

Sergey Turgenev’s Student Travels: The European Experience and Its Reflection in His Diaries for 1811

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-139
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Koreneva ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina O. Larionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Well Being ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Post Process ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Relative Proximity ◽  
The One ◽  
University Of Göttingen ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is written on the material of the unpublished diaries of Sergei Ivanovich Turgenev (1792–1827) and focuses on two journeys he made in 1811 while studying at the University of Göttingen: to the Harz and to Holland. The former is a special type of student travel that developed in the German “Bursch” environment and had its own stable routes and behavioral “rituals”. The curriculum of the University of Göttingen had a special course on travel; therefore, for university students, hiking in the Harz was part of the unwritten compulsory “program”. The relative proximity of the Harz to Göttingen, its connection with German history, and the beauty of its nature made it an attractive destination for an educational trip that allowed combining the useful with the pleasant. However, the concept “useful”, when applied to the Harz, changed at the turn of the 19th century. The amateur interest in natural history and mineralogy led to a shift in focus from the description of historical monuments to the natural sciences. The Harz began to be considered primarily as a geological phenomenon and a place of mining, which also determined the plans for its exploration. This focus on natural science is evident in the recordings of Sergei Turgenev’s elder brothers, Alexander and Nikolai, who also studied in Göttingen and visited the Harz several years earlier. The described context allows seeing the peculiarities of Sergei Turgenev’s perception of the Harz. He went there solely for pleasure, did not prepare for the journey in any way, and wrote down his impressions only to satisfy Alexander Turgenev’s request of a report on the trip from his younger brother. For this purpose, Sergei “literated” some of his notes based on his travel diary. Lacking pragmatic information, he tried to compensate for it with “sensitive” reasoning and poetic quotations. The somewhat artificial literary character of the text is balanced by the vivid details and sketches of momentary everyday situations. Sergei Turgenev did not post-process his travel notes on the trip to Holland. The notes show that, within just a few months, Sergei Turgenev’s perception of the European space changed. The entertaining “Bursch” transformed, according to his own words, into an “inquisitive” traveler from Stern’s “classification”. He looks at the Dutch, who then recently became new subjects of the French Empire; watches their preparations for Napoleon’s arrival; is surprised at the degree of their loyalty to the foreign ruler; and ponders the question of how much this loyalty depends on citizens’ well-being. The trip to Holland leads Sergei Turgenev, upon his return to Göttingen, to reading Adam Smith, on the one hand; on the other hand, it gives a start to the reasoning, which goes through all his later diaries and letters, on constitutionalism, on the nature of revolutions, and on the need for modernization reforms in Russia.

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