scholarly journals ‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. HOUSTON
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.

The Mission to Constantinople in 968 and Liudprand of Cremona

Traditio ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 55-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon N. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Detailed Record ◽  
East West

Of the documents that concern the relationship between Byzantium and Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, none is more famous or more frequently read than Relatio de Legatione Constantinopolitana, Liudprand of Cremona's description of his mission to Constantinople in 968 for Otto I. Much has been learned from his vivid if acid narrative about the Byzantine court of Nicephorus II Phocas and about East-West relations in the tenth century. Over the last forty years research has reached beneath the vivid prose in search of the true significance of that mission. But since Liudprand's is the only first-hand, detailed record of an embassy to Constantinople of that era, some scholars have given it more contemporary importance than it actually had, and, by extension, they have turned Liudprand's thoughts into subtle expressions of official Western policy. The danger in these inquiries has been to divorce the mind and moods of the creator from his creation and bestow on Relatio undeserved exaltation. The problem is to keep the document in its perspective while draining every sentence of its implications.

scholarly journals The Impact of Education in South Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-789
Author(s):  
Susan Allen Namalefe
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Household Organization ◽  
Education And Society ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Education is produced within power relationships; therefore, power and social dynamics are central to any analysis of the impact of education. The acquisition and benefits of education are similarly intertwined by class, family, gender and social tensions, relentlessly mutating into different varieties, environments and appearances, and endlessly involving control. This is the essence of The Impact of Education in South Asia. Drawing from case studies, ethnographic research, and interviews from different parts of India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, the authors attempt to provide perspective to the relationship between education and society. Formal education challenges society by changing gender roles, household organization, family, and the caste system. Individuals negotiate and transform culture and the educational system.

scholarly journals Medieval religious intellectual culture in the works of V.S. Soloviev

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Vadim L. Afanasevsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Man In The Middle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article discusses the views of V.S. Solovyov on the medieval religious worldview. The main problem for historical and historical and philosophical thought at the end of the 19th century was the question of the degree of influence of Christian ideology on the perception of man in the Middle Ages. And since it was V.S. Soloviev who expressed doubts about the absolute significance of the Christian doctrine for the consciousness of medieval Western Europe, Byzantium and Russia, then his constructions are especially interesting. The author proceeds from the assumption that all his reflections can be characterized as Christian utopianism, however, it is presented in the space of liberal teachings of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the aspiration of V.S. Solovyov to solve problems through the completeness and purity of the ideal of Christianity. Therefore, the world-historical process itself appears as a condition for the functioning of this ideal. The key point for the Russian philosopher is the conviction that in the Middle Ages pagan elements persist and affect the consciousness of people under the guise of the Christian faith. And this leads to the antinomy of the order of life and the spirit of the Middle Ages. It is this moment that serves as the subject of this article.

scholarly journals The Charter: a plea for tolerance

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-189
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper describes the background of the Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992). To explain why linguistic diversity became an issue in the last decades of the 20th century, the paper goes back to the end of the 18th and the 19th century, a period in which nation building and homogenization were the main political issues in Western Europe. Since language was seen as nation binder language diversity was anathema. This led to language conflicts, which were sought to be solved by means of the Charter that promoted the acceptance of language diversity.

scholarly journals Historical formation and modern problems of design Formação histórica e problemas modernos de design Formación histórica y problemas modernos de diseño

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
Imash Adyshirin Hajiyev ◽  
Elmira Gabdulovna Akhmetshina ◽  
Liliya Rinatovna Mukhametzyanova ◽  
Timur Rashitovich Kadyirov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In contrast to other areas of art, the emergence of design took place in the conditions of accelerated industrialization. In this sense, it is emphasized that it belongs to industrial art. At the end of the 19th  century, the conditions created in different countries of Western Europe gave a boost to the development of design on a scientific - theoretical basis. At this time, the original theories of design appeared. The long-term development of this work became even more enriched by the activities of the alliance and the school, such as the German Verkbund, the German Bauhaus and the Soviet VHUTEMAS. In modern terms, design has become the main driving force of socio-cultural development of society. The presented material discusses the role of design in solving the task of creating the object (product) and their formation. In a broad sense, the two most important factors in this direction are the main – functionalism and aesthetic principles. The model analyzes the problem of maximum accounting utilitarian-functional indicators, the relationship between content and form.    

Educating the chartered surveyor: looking back to look forward

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie de Silva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider perennial issues in the education of chartered surveyors and to use the debates and experiences of the past to inform the present and future, particularly the question of the balance between academic and practical training. Design/methodology/approach – Primary and secondary sources were used to establish a history of the growth of the profession and the development of formal education and assessment from the 19th century and to consider current issues with reference to wider theories of education. Findings – The profession grew from vocational roots and did not enjoy the centuries of status of, say, the law. The 19th century saw an increasing technicalisation and professionalisation of surveying, with developments in various strands of the discipline, from the rural land agents to construction and public housing specialists. The muted reception from the universities in recognising the discipline is instructive. Looking at the relationship between classroom education and apprenticeship and what is needed in the preliminary education and assessment of surveyors holds contemporary lessons as increasing university fees has prompted renewed review of the most economical ways of training, while maintaining rigour. Originality/value – There have been histories of surveying and of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, but this paper relates the past to the present. Its value is in highlighting the tension between the practical and academic, allowing current debates to benefit from earlier discussions and longitudinal experience of different models of education. This paves the way for a wider consideration of experiential learning theory to be applied to a fundamental review of surveying education.

scholarly journals The development of mechanics and engineering design and machine theory since the rennaissance

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Thomas Chondros
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Machine Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The history of science and mechanics is confronted by two interconnected problems: a critical accumulation and systematization of historical information about the subject of study, and the relationship between events and the laws of their development.The influence of natural philosophy in classical times that led to the development of mechanics and engineering as a science from the 5th century B.C. to the Middle-Ages was investigated in a previous article by the author. The rapid development of mechanics as a science started in the 16th and the 17th century. Machine design as an applied science was heavily relying on mechanics. Since the beginning of the 19th century, mechanics became the theoretical basis of an increasing number of applied technical disciplines directly connected with the development of industry, the elaboration of new technological processes machines, and industrial plants. A brief history of the development of the theory of machines and mechanisms is attempted here, along with the personalities and Academic Institutions that influenced Mechanisms and Machine Theory from Medieval Times to the recent past.

Participation, Education, and Political Competence: Evidence From a Sample of Italian Socialists

1966 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Average Education ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Participation is one of the crises of political modernization. Along with the political awakening of masses of people has come the necessity of absorbing them meaningfully into the political system. The almost universally low levels of formal education and political competence contribute to the difficulties of mobilization. The most advanced polities are still seeking ways of making democratic participation effective; modernizing polities find the task even more formidable. This article examines the relationships among participation, education, and political competence in a sample of members of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).Although Italy is an advanced polity, in average education and industrialization it lags behind the world leaders in Europe and North America; and in some respects patterns of participation likewise reflect a transitional stage. The PSI is probably the only democratic Socialist party of the classic Marxian type left in Western Europe. It is devoted to the democratic mobilization of the industrial and agricultural masses. But it also contains a substantial middle-class element, and thus provides an opportunity to study the relationship between participation and political competence for persons of different levels of formal education.There can be little doubt that differences in formal education have political consequences. The evidence is compelling that persons of high education participate more, are more knowledgeable, feel more efficacious, and exhibit greater sensitivity to the ideological dimensions of politics. Evidence from a sample of members of the PSI reinforces and refines these findings.

The English Difference: The Application of Bureaucratic Norms within a Legal System

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brand
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Professional Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Procedures

Susan Reynolds has written a typically wide-ranging, and thought-provoking, article about the process of transition from what she calls “the diffused, undifferentiated, customary law” that was characteristic of Western Europe in the early medieval period to the various different forms of “professional law” that were characteristic of the higher courts of Western Europe in the later middle ages. This is a process that she characterizes, surely correctly, as an “important stage of legal history,” for it was only as an end result of this process of transformation that there emerged law courts and legal procedures and substantial bodies of legal rules that are recognizably the distant ancestors of their modern European and American counterparts. It was also this process of transformation that changed for ever the relationship between law and the society that this law regulated and in which it was embedded in Western European societies. Her article makes no claim to be a definitive study of this process. It is more a pointer to the work that still needs to be done to enable full transnational comparisons to be made between the different ways the process happened within different legal systems and between the different systems that were created through these changes. She does, nonetheless, state some tentative conclusions and point to what she sees as some of the prime factors in bringing about the transformation.

scholarly journals THE EDICT OF PÎTRES, CAROLINGIAN DEFENCE AGAINST THE VIKINGS, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 29-54
Author(s):  
Simon MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Origin Story ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACTThe castle was one of the most characteristic features of the western European landscape in the Middle Ages, dominating social and political order from the eleventh century onwards. The origins of the castle are generally assigned to the ninth and tenth centuries, and the standard story begins with the defensive fortifications established against the Vikings during the reign of the West Frankish king Charles the Bald (843–77). In this article I argue that there are serious problems with this origin story, by re-evaluating some of the key sources on which it rests – particularly the Edict of Pîtres (864). I seek to demonstrate that my analysis of this source has important implications for how we think about the relationship between fortifications and the state in the Carolingian Empire; and by extension the evolution of the castle in north-western Europe between the ninth and twelfth centuries.

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