scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Banning Subtherapeutic Use of Antibiotics in Swine Production

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wade Brorsen ◽  
Terry Lehenbauer ◽  
Dasheng Ji ◽  
Joe Connor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Growth Promotants

Public health officials and physicians are concerned about possible development of bacterial resistance and potential effects on human health that may be related to the use of antimicrobial agents in livestock feed. The focus of this research is aimed at determining the economic effects that subtherapeutic bans of antimicrobials would have on both swine producers and consumers. The results show that a ban on growth promotants for swine would be costly, totaling $242.5 million annually, with swine producers sharing the larger portion in the short run and consumers sharing the larger portion in the long run.

LONG-RUN EFFECT OF A DISASTER: CASE STUDY ON THE KOBE EARTHQUAKE

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (01) ◽  
pp. 1640009 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUHIDE OKUYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Growth Path ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Event Based

In 1995, the Kobe earthquake occurred in the second largest economic region of Japan, and its economic damages were accounted around 10 trillion yen. This paper presents an empirical investigation of long-run economic effects of the event based on a time-series data. The results indicate that the event had created statistically significant deviations from the pre-earthquake growth path of Kobe. In addition, the comparison with the projected pre-event growth path revealed that the long-run effects have resulted in a steady decline of per capita GRP, while the short-run impacts led to some positive impacts from recovery and reconstruction during the first several years.

scholarly journals Molecular Mimicry of Pathogenicity of Neisseria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrani Sarkar ◽  
Prateek Dey ◽  
Saurabh Singh Rathore ◽  
Gyan Dev Singh ◽  
Ram Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Long Run

Abstract Neisseria, a genus from beta-proteobacteria class, is of potent clinical importance. This genus contains both pathogenic and commensal strains. Gonorrhea and meningitis are two major diseases caused by pathogens belonging to this genus. With increased use of antimicrobial agents against these pathogens they have evolved the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) capacity making these diseases nearly untreatable. The set of anti-bacterial resistance genes (resistome) and genes associated with signal processing (secretomes) are crucial for the host-microbial interaction. With the virtue of whole genome sequences and computational biology it is now possible to study the genomic and proteomic riddles of Neisseria along with their comprehensive evolutionary and metabolic profiling. We have studied relative synonymous codon usage, amino acid usage, reverse ecology, comparative genomics, evolutionary analysis and pathogen-host (Neisseria-human) interaction through bioinformatics analysis. Our analysis revealed the co-evolution of Neisseria genomes with the human host. Moreover, co-occurrence of Neisseria and humans has been supported through reverse ecology analysis. A differential pattern of evolutionary rate of resistomes and secretomes was evident among the pathogenic and commensal strains. Comparative genomics supported the presence of virulent genes in both pathogenic and commensal strains of select genus. Our analysis also indicated a transition from commensal to pathogenic Neisseria strains through the long run of evolution.

scholarly journals A review on bacterial resistance to carbapenems: epidemiology, detection and treatment options

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. FSO438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann A Elshamy ◽  
Khaled M Aboshanab
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Carbapenems are a class of antimicrobial agents reserved for infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The emergence of carbapenem resistance has become a serious public health threat. This type of antimicrobial resistance is spreading at an alarming rate, resulting in major outbreaks and treatment failure of community-acquired and nosocomial infections caused by the clinically relevant carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This review is focused on carbapenem resistance, including mechanisms of resistance, history and epidemiology, phenotypic and genotypic detection in the clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and the possible treatment options available.

Antimicrobial Consumption and Multidrug Resistant Organisms in Intensive Care Units

2015 ◽  
pp. 209-240
Author(s):  
Fouad Farouk Jabri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
And Control

Improper antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance can affect an entire community, threaten public health and create economic burdens and ecological consequences on societies. This chapter discusses the importance of counteracting this public health issue. In Saudi Arabia, the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents is of particular concern. The prescribing of broad-spectrum antimicrobials in hospital settings is not highly restricted, and antimicrobials are available over the counters in pharmacies. This unwise use provides a scenario for the emergence of bacterial resistance and subsequent public health concerns. In addition, there is a lack of representative epidemiological research on antimicrobial consumption and quantitative data linking consumption to the incidence of resistance. This chapter illustrates that the implementation and the success of the strategies that monitor and control antimicrobial consumption depend on the availability of information about the extent and patterns of antimicrobial consumption. It demonstrates the potentials and recommendations on obtaining antimicrobial consumption data using defined daily dose as a unit of measurement in Saudi hospital settings.

scholarly journals Naive Forecast for COVID-19 in Utah Based on the South Korea and Italy Models-the Fluctuation between Two Extremes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fares Qeadan ◽  
Trenton Honda ◽  
Lisa H. Gren ◽  
Jennifer Dailey-Provost ◽  
L. Scott Benson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Differences in jurisdictional public health actions have played a significant role in the relative success of local communities in combating and containing the COVID-19 pandemic. We forecast the possible COVID-19 outbreak in one US state (Utah) by applying empirical data from South Korea and Italy, two countries that implemented disparate public health actions. Forecasts were created by aligning the start of the pandemic in Utah with that in South Korea and Italy, getting a short-run forecast based on actual daily rates of spread, and long-run forecast by employing a log-logistic model with four parameters. Applying the South Korea model, the epidemic peak in Utah is 169 cases/day, with epidemic resolution by the end of May. Applying the Italy model, new cases are forecast to exceed 200/day by mid-April, with the potential for 250 new cases a day at the epidemic peak, with the epidemic continuing through the end of August. We identify a 3-month variation in the likely length of the pandemic, a 1.5-fold difference in the number of daily infections at outbreak peak, and a 3-fold difference in the expected cumulative cases when applying the experience of two developed countries in handling this virus to the Utah context.

Antimicrobial Consumption and Multidrug Resistant Organisms in Intensive Care Units

2016 ◽  
pp. 151-182
Author(s):  
Fouad Farouk Jabri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
And Control

Improper antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance can affect an entire community, threaten public health and create economic burdens and ecological consequences on societies. This chapter discusses the importance of counteracting this public health issue. In Saudi Arabia, the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents is of particular concern. The prescribing of broad-spectrum antimicrobials in hospital settings is not highly restricted, and antimicrobials are available over the counters in pharmacies. This unwise use provides a scenario for the emergence of bacterial resistance and subsequent public health concerns. In addition, there is a lack of representative epidemiological research on antimicrobial consumption and quantitative data linking consumption to the incidence of resistance. This chapter illustrates that the implementation and the success of the strategies that monitor and control antimicrobial consumption depend on the availability of information about the extent and patterns of antimicrobial consumption. It demonstrates the potentials and recommendations on obtaining antimicrobial consumption data using defined daily dose as a unit of measurement in Saudi hospital settings.

Antimicrobial Consumption and Multidrug Resistant Organisms in Intensive Care Units

Biometrics ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 61-92
Author(s):  
Fouad Farouk Jabri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
And Control

Improper antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance can affect an entire community, threaten public health and create economic burdens and ecological consequences on societies. This chapter discusses the importance of counteracting this public health issue. In Saudi Arabia, the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents is of particular concern. The prescribing of broad-spectrum antimicrobials in hospital settings is not highly restricted, and antimicrobials are available over the counters in pharmacies. This unwise use provides a scenario for the emergence of bacterial resistance and subsequent public health concerns. In addition, there is a lack of representative epidemiological research on antimicrobial consumption and quantitative data linking consumption to the incidence of resistance. This chapter illustrates that the implementation and the success of the strategies that monitor and control antimicrobial consumption depend on the availability of information about the extent and patterns of antimicrobial consumption. It demonstrates the potentials and recommendations on obtaining antimicrobial consumption data using defined daily dose as a unit of measurement in Saudi hospital settings.

An empirical assessment of the trade facilitation initiative: econometric evidence and global economic effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Cge Model ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThis paper attempts to model trade facilitation in a multi-regional and multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, MIRAGE. It follows Decreux and Fontagné (2009) in modeling trade facilitation and in assuming that administrative barriers are an iceberg cost. I extend their model using more comprehensive measures of ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs) of red tape costs, which are computed from a gravity model, and are introduced in the CGE model. The novelty in using those AVEs is that they take into account the effects of bureaucracy, internet coverage, corruption, and geographical barriers on the time to trade. The paper has four major findings. Gains derived from trade facilitation are more significant for developing economies (especially for the Middle East and North Africa region and Sub-Saharan countries) than for developed ones, whether in terms of welfare gain (either in the short or long run) or increase in trade. Second, long-run welfare effects of trade facilitation are much higher than in the short run. Third, trade facilitation helps boost both intra-regional trade and inter-regional trade. Fourth and most interestingly, it also helps improve export diversification, leading to an expansion in those sectors that are more sensitive to time, such as food, textiles, and electronics.

scholarly journals Short-Run and Long-Run Income Elasticity of Healthcare Expenditure in India: Role of Domestic Revenue and Public Debt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar Behera ◽  
Umakant Dash
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Abstract Existing literature argues that income growth is an important determinant for change in healthcare expenditure in developing economies. Most of them examine the elasticity of public health expenditure concerning per capita income while the role of fiscal policies – public revenue and public debt to determine the level of spending has never been studied. Therefore, this study examines the income elasticity of public health expenditure in both short-run and long-run by controlling domestic revenue, and public debt (i.e. borrowings) in India for the period from 1980-81 to 2015-16. The study follows three steps for empirical analysis. First, we test stationarity properties of variables using the Zivot and Andrews (ZA) unit root test assuming that the Indian economy might have experienced structural breaks at different time points. Second, we examine the cointegrating relationships among variables using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Third, we estimate both short-run and long-run elasticity by controlling structural-breaks using the unrestricted Error-Correction Term (ECT). Our result finds that domestic revenue (i.e. tax and non-tax) shows a positive and statistically significant effect while public debt (i.e. domestic and external) shows a negative and statistically significant effect on health expenditure respectively. It implies that a 1 percent increase in revenue leads to a 0.78 percent increment in public health expenditure annually while a 1 percent increase in public debt leads to an -0.51 percent reduction in public health expenditure in the long-run. Our result suggests that conducive public finance policies and alternative revenue mobilization could be a potential strategy to increase the level of health spending in India.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Potential Effects of Opening of Turkish-Armenian Border on the Turkish and Armenian Economies

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersan Bocutoğlu ◽  
Emre Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Nagorno Karabagh

Turkish-Armenian border has been closed due to Nagorno-Karabagh question since 1993. The fact that the 20% of Azerbaijan territory is under Armenian invasion has prevented investigation of potential economic effects of Turkish-Armenian border on related parties so far from being a research agenda. In this study a descriptive approach is adopted since statistical data in hand is inappropriate for an econometric investigation. Long run advantages that an open border brings to Turkey are alternative highway, railway and pipeline routes to Caspian Sea basin and Central Asia while short run advantages are economic gains to Turkish border provinces and port cities connected with Armenia. The long run and short run benefits are vital for Armenia whose economy is agrarian, dependant heavily on foreign trade and foreign aids, experienced high transportation costs, unstable, poor and loosing population although the population data does not reflect the real situation. For Armenia, an open border means a direct territorial connection to European Union (EU), new employment opportunities, up to 23% fall in transportation costs, trans-border pipeline benefits, a flourished foreign trade, and increasing material well being. Consequently the opening of Turkish-Armenian border is strongly advised for it is beneficial to the related parties under the assumption that a resolution on Azeri-Armenian conflicts is reached

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document