scholarly journals Examining the impact of conservation agriculture on environmental efficiency among maize farmers in Zambia

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Nafeo Abdulai ◽  
Awudu Abdulai
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Technology Heterogeneity ◽  
Fertilizer Recovery ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of conservation agriculture (CA) on the environmental efficiency of maize farmers in Zambia, by comparing nitrogen fertilizer recovery between farms that practise CA and those using conventional farming technologies. The Nitrogen Index Tier Zero tool is employed in generating a nitrogen balance sheet at the farm level. As CA technology may improve farmers' access to better technology, we employ a selectivity-corrected meta-frontier approach to account for potential selection bias and technology heterogeneity. The empirical results suggest that farmers practising CA are environmentally more efficient than conventional farmers. The findings also show that environmental efficiency is significantly influenced by access to credit, farming experience and years of schooling of household head, land ownership and distance to markets. Moreover, farmers practising CA are found to be technically more efficient than those using the conventional technology.

scholarly journals Adoption of conservation agriculture practice in Bangladesh: Impact on crop profitability and productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Uddin ◽  
AR Dhar ◽  
MM Islam
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The study was conducted to assess the impact of conservation agriculture practice on crop profitability in Bangladesh and to identify the determinants of adopting such practice. A total of 300 farmers (50 focal, 100 proximal and 150 control) from five districts (Mymensingh, Bogra, Tangail, Sherpur and Jamalpur) were selected. Focal farmers were selected purposively; and proximal and control farmers were selected randomly. Descriptive statistics like sum, averages, percentages and ratios were calculated to evaluate the socioeconomic data. Profitability of crop production was measured in terms of gross return, gross margin, net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR). Crop productivity was measured using the Enyedi’s crop productivity index. The BCR of focal, proximal and control farmers were 2.58, 2.24 and 2.18, respectively. The crop productivity of focal, proximal and control farmers were increased by 0.5, 1.1 and 1.4 percent, respectively with respect to the entire region. Educational level of household head, farm size, farm income, extension contact and farming experience were found as significant factors through logit model that affect the adoption of this practice by the farmers. Input support, motivation, training programmes and extension services by different government and non-government organizations should be properly organized and implemented to raise the consciousness and enhance the knowledge of the farmers on conservation agriculture practice.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 101-112, June 2016

scholarly journals Diversification of Farmer Income in West Java

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Adhitya Wardhana ◽  
Reni Tri Handayani ◽  
Eksa Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
West Java ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Impact

<p>Agricultural land has decreased the impact on farmers in meeting their needs. The transition to agriculture complicates industry in its effort to meet the needs of farmers. Another issue, climate change will disrupt plant crops that will result in inefficient farming. Farming inefficiencies are a reason for farmers to diversify. This study was based on a micro data survey data of agricultural enterprise household income in the Regencies / Cities of West Java on a household level. Limits of household income diversification of farming is when the household has to venture outside the agricultural sector or one of the cores and the sources of income comes from salaries / wages of laborers / employees outside the agricultural sector. The results showed that with the increasing age of the household head the diversity decreases, the higher the education of the head of household the more it encourages the diversification of income, the more the additional land area increases diversification, the easier access to credit for adding revenue diversification, increasing the income of farmers that tend not to diversify, the more houses and stairs in school which support farmers to diversify, the more productive the household income lowers with diversification.</p><p><br />JEL Classification: D31, O12, O13<br />Keywords: Climate Change, Diversify, Diversity of Income, Farming, Inefficiency</p>

scholarly journals Determinants of Farmers Adaptation to Climate Change. A Case from Nawalparasi District of Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Jeevan Lamichhane ◽  
Durga Bahadur RanaBhat ◽  
Ankit Koirala ◽  
Dipesh Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The Impact

A field survey was conducted to study the factor that determines farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Deurali and Agyouli V.D.Cs of Nawalparasi District. Altogether 180 household, 90 from each V.D.C were selected randomly for the study. A logit regression model was employed in the study. However, in order to measure the magnitude of the impact of the explanatory variables on the decision of the farmer to adapt to climate change marginal effects were computed. The study uses a binary dependent variable taking the value 1 if the farmer adapted to climate change and 0 otherwise. A farmer is considered to have adapted to climate change if he/she has employed at least one of the adaptation strategies such as early and late planting, use of drought resistant crops, zero tillage operation, crop diversification, use of mulching and composting of weeds to control water loss and conserving moisture in the field. This current research considers the following as potential factors determining farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change; economically active members, education of the household head, farm size, annual cash earnings, access to credit, training and extension. Findings reveal that these factors influence farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Nawalparasi District and marginal effects computed showed that per unit increase in these variables increased the probability of practicing different adaptation strategies by 4.3%, 31.4%, 3%, 1.5%, 17%, 66% respectively. The log likelihood was computed to be -43.45. Psuedo. R2 was calculated to be 39%.

The Relation between Accounting Information in Debt Covenants and Operating Leases

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gyung H. Paik ◽  
Joyce A. van der Laan Smith ◽  
Brandon Byunghwan Lee ◽  
Sung Wook Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Debt Covenants ◽  
Debt Contracts ◽  
Debt Contracting ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Operating Leases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Accounting Ratios ◽  
Lease Accounting

SYNOPSIS Proposed changes by the FASB and the IASB to lease accounting standards will substantially change the accounting for operating leases by requiring the capitalization of future lease payments. We consider the impact of these changes on firms' debt covenants by examining the frequency of income-statement- versus balance-sheet-based accounting ratios in debt covenants of firms in high and low Off Balance Sheet (OBS) lease industries. Based on debt contracts from the 1996–2009 period, our results provide evidence that lenders focus on balance sheet (income statement) ratios in designing debt covenants for borrowers in low (high) OBS lease industries. Further, the use of balance-sheet- (income-statement-) based covenants falls (rises) faster in high OBS lease industries than in low OBS lease industries as the use of OBS leasing increases. This evidence indicates that OBS operating leases influence lenders' use of accounting information in covenants, suggesting that creditors consider the impact of OBS leases when structuring debt agreements. These results also suggest that the proposed capitalization of OBS leases may not result in firms violating loan covenants but will make the balance sheet a more complete source of information for debt contracting by removing the need for constructive capitalization of OBS leases.

scholarly journals A Strip-Till One-Pass System as a Component of Conservation Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Iwona Jaskulska ◽  
Kestutis Romaneckas ◽  
Dariusz Jaskulski ◽  
Piotr Wojewódzki
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Pass System ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the management of plant residues, soil properties, inputs, and emissions related to crop cultivation. We compared the effect of a ST-OP system against conventional tillage (CT) using a plough, and against reduced, non-ploughing tillage (RT). Four field experiments were conducted for evaluating the covering of soil with plant residues of the previous crop, soil loss on a slope exposed to surface soil runoff, soil structure and aggregate stability, occurrence of soil organisms and glomalin content, soil moisture and soil water reserve during plant sowing, labour and fuel inputs, and CO2 emissions. After sowing plants using ST-OP, 62.7–82.0% of plant residues remained on the soil surface, depending on the previous crop and row spacing. As compared with CT, the ST-OP system increased the stability of soil aggregates of 0.25–2.0 mm diameter by 12.7%, glomalin content by 0.08 g·kg−1, weight of earthworms five-fold, bacteria and fungi counts, and moisture content in the soil; meanwhile, it decreased soil loss by 2.57–6.36 t·ha−1 year−1, labour input by 114–152 min·ha−1, fuel consumption by 35.9–45.8 l·ha−1, and CO2 emissions by 98.7–125.9 kg·ha−1. Significant favourable changes, as compared with reduced tillage (RT), were also found with respect to the stability index of aggregates of 2.0–10.0 mm diameter, the number and weight of earthworms, as well as bacteria and fungi counts.

scholarly journals Industrial efficiency analysis based on the spatial panel model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Yin ◽  
Liyan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Agglomeration ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHigh-tech industrial agglomeration is conducive to boosting technological progress, promoting industrial structure upgrading and realizing economic transformation, and certainly affects the overall industrial environmental efficiency. However, few recent studies have focused on its impact on industrial environmental efficiency from a green perspective. In the context of promoting the development of green economy, it is of great significance to clarify the links between high-tech industrial agglomeration and industrial environmental efficiency. In this research, we first analyzed the theoretical mechanism of the impact of high-tech industrial agglomeration and its spatial spillover effects on industrial environmental efficiency and then made an empirical analysis based on the panel data of 29 provinces and cities in China from 2003 to 2016. During the research, Super-DEA method, ESDA method and spatial Dubin model are used. The result shows that: (1) There is a significant spatial positive correlation between China's industrial environmental efficiency and high-tech industrial agglomeration; (2) high-tech industrial agglomeration has improved the local industrial productivity and industrial technology level through scale effects and technical effects, which has accordingly significantly enhanced the corresponding environmental efficiency; (3) through the association of regional industries, the cross-regional cooperation of enterprises and the formation of innovation networks, high-tech industrial agglomeration promotes the spillover of knowledge and technology among regions, improves the level of industrial technology in neighboring regions, and enhances the industrial environmental efficiency in neighboring regions. All these three is helpful to re-evaluate the development mode of high-tech industry agglomeration and to formulate relevant government policies.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Choice of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by Households: A Case of Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme (ADP) in Swaziland

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phindile Shongwe ◽  
Micah B. Masuku ◽  
Absalom M. Manyatsi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Factors Influencing

The increased involvement of food relief agencies nearly on an annual basis is a clear indication that agricultural production continues to decline as a result of climate change. In order to mitigate the negative effect of climate change, households engage on adaptation strategies. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends mostly on the level of adaptation in response to climate change. The main objectives of the study were to identify the adaptation strategies employed by households and to analyse factors influencing the choice of adaptation strategies by households using personal interviews. The study used data from a random sample of 350 households. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression model were used to analyse the data. The results showed that adaptation strategies employed were; drought tolerant varieties, switching crops, irrigation, crop rotation, mulching, minimum tillage, early planting, late planting and intercropping. The results showed that the choice of adaptation strategies by households was significantly (p <0.05) influenced by; age of household head, occupation of household head, being a member of a social group, land category, access to credit, access to extension services and training, high incidences of crop pest and disease, high input prices, high food prices, perceptions of households towards climate change. Moreover, the analysis showed that perceptions of households towards climate change significantly influence all adaptation strategies. However, sex and education level of the household head were insignificant in influencing household choice when adapting to climate change. It is recommended that there is need to educate households about the negative impact of climate change on cropping systems. The study also recommends that agriculture extension services should be strengthened, agriculture financial institutions should accommodate subsistence farmers on communal land and rural micro-finance institutions should be developed, in order to facilitate farmers to choose effective adaptation strategies. 

scholarly journals The Impact of Interest Rate Ceilings on Microfinance Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ali Saleh Alshebami ◽  
D. M. Khandare
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Good Intention ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Impact

<p>Imposing ceilings on the interest rate has recently become one of the new hottest topics in microfinance industry; various debates have been discussing this issue to know the effect of interest rate ceilings on the supply of credit in particular and on microfinance industry in general. However in spite of the good intention behind these ceilings, there was no absolute result stating that ceilings have really contributed to the improvement or protection of the poor clients, indeed, these ceilings have hurt those low income people instead of helping them, due to these ceilings most of MFIs left the market or reduced their scale due to the inability to continue operating with low interest rate leaving the very poor clients without access to credit. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the impact of imposing such ceilings on the interest rates and to find out what alterative solutions can be employed as substitutes for them. This paper is entirely based on the secondary data collected from various records related to microfinance such as microfinance books, official websites and reports, published papers, and other sources related to the research subject.</p>

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