An examination of energy utilization in lactating dairy cows receiving a total mixed ration based on maize silage

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. France ◽  
the late G. Alderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
The Mean

AbstractSix multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered a total mixed ration based on maize silage in a repeated measure design to evaluate the partition of gross energy (GE) during early to mid lactation. Four measurements were made at 6-week intervals with energy and nitrogen balances carried out in open-circuit respiration chambers over 6 days during lactation weeks 6, 12, 18 and 24. The intakes of total diet dry matter (DM) corrected for volatile losses (VCDM), organic matter (OM) and GE declined significantly (P< 0•01) as lactation progressed, although apparent digestibility of these fractions was not altered, resulting in a significant (P< 0•01) decline in digestible nutrient intake at each stage of lactation. Methane and urine energy losses were not significantly affected, resulting in significantly (P< 0·001) higher amounts of digestible energy (DE) partitioned to methane and urine as lactation progressed with associated significant reductions in metabolizable energy (ME) intake (MEI) (P< 0·01) and ME as a proportion of DE (P< 0·001) and GE (q) (P< 0·05). With advancing lactation there was a significant (P< 0·001) increase in the amount of ME partitioned to heat (HP/MEI), but no significant change in the amount partitioned to milk and tissue. Individual values for diet metabolizability (ME/GE) at actual (production) levels (qa) (mean 0·625 MJ/MJ) were corrected to an equivalent value at maintenance (qmc) (mean 0·666 MJ/MJ). The overall ME intakes (MJ/day) were: ad libitum, 246, corrected for level of feeding effect, 263, with a predicted ME requirement according to AFRC (1993) (MER93) of 242. Substitution of the calculated qmc into the predictive equations (AFRC, 1993) resulted in a mean maintenance requirement of 57·6 MJ/day (0·464 MJ/kg M0·75/day) whilst the mean value derived from the linear model describing the experimental data was 82·5 MJ/day (0·664 MJ/kg M0·75/day). The mean efficiencies of utilization of ME for milk production derived from AFRC (1993) and the linear regression model were 0·653 MJ/MJ and 0·625 MJ/MJ respectively.

scholarly journals High efficiency of energy utilization in ‘cafeteria’- and force-fed rats kept at 29°

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gillian Barr ◽  
K. J. Mccracken
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

1. Male, Sprague-Dawley (Charles-River) rats, of initial weight 272 g, were given a powdered stock diet (T1) ad lib. force-fed a synthetic diet (T2) or offered a range of palatable foods in conjunction with the powdered stock diet (T3) or a similar diet supplemented with certain minerals and vitamins (T4).2. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake (kJ/d) averaged 303, 453, 402 and 383 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively and corresponding weight gains were 5.5, 6.9, 8.2 and 7.9 g/d and were significantly different (P < 0.001).3. The intakes of T3 and T4 rats ranged from 10 to 60% above the mean value for T1.4. Crude protein (CP; nitrogen × 6.25) retentions were similar for T1, T3 and T4 rats and significantly lower (P < 0.01) for T2 rats. Fat retentions were 1.1, 4.1, 2.9 and 2.4 g/d for T1 to T4 respectively (P < 0.001).5. The energy contents of the gain (MJ/kg) were 12.7, 26.0, 16.7 and 14.9 for T1 to T4 respectively (P < 0.001) and energy retentions (kJ/d) were 70, 179, 139 and 117 respectively (P < 0.001).6. A linear regression of energy retention (ER) on ME yielded a slope of 0.78 and a mean energy requirement for zero balance of 510 kJ/kg body-weight0.75.7. These results are in conflict with reports of ‘diet-induced thermogenesis’ in ‘cafeteria’-fed rats.

scholarly journals Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Baer ◽  
Janet Novotny
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Food Labels ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Recent studies have demonstrated that the energy provided by several tree nuts is less than that predicted by the Atwater factors, though energy available from cashews has never been assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolizable energy in cashew nuts. Eighteen healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, crossover study with two treatment periods. Subjects were fed a fully controlled base diet for 4 weeks with either no additions or with the addition of 42 g/day (1.5 servings) of cashew nuts, with the final treatment diets being isocaloric. Complete diet collections were analyzed for nitrogen (for protein), fat, energy, and carbohydrate by difference. During the final week of each intervention phase, subjects collected all feces and urine produced, and these were also analyzed for nitrogen (feces and urine), energy (feces and urine), and fat (feces). The resulting data were used to calculate the metabolizable energy of cashews and the digestibility of macronutrients. The average available energy (calorie) content of a 28 g serving of cashew nuts was 137 kcal (±3.4 kcal SEM) and ranged from 105 to 151 kcal. The mean value of 137 kcal/serving is 16% lower (p < 0.0001) than what is typically found on food labels. Digestibility of energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrate was lower for the cashew-containing diet compared to the control diet (92.9% vs. 94.9%, p < 0.0001 for energy; 96.1% vs. 97.8%, p = 0.0009 for fat; 90.1% vs. 91.2%, p = 0.0012 for protein; 92.9% vs. 94.9%, p < 0.0001 for carbohydrate; for the cashew-containing diet vs. the control diet, respectively). In conclusion, cashews provide fewer calories than the values predicted by the Atwater factors, as found on current food labels.

scholarly journals A Combined RMS-MEAN Value Approach for an Inverter Open-Circuit Fault Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Mohamed Amine Khelif ◽  
Azeddine Bendiabdellah ◽  
Bilal Djamal Eddine Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Induction Machines ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Paper Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Structural Failures

Currently, with the power electronics evolution, a major research axis is oriented towards the diagnosis of converters supplying induction machines. Indeed, a converter such as the inverter is susceptible to have structural failures such as faulty leg and/or open-circuit IGBT faults. In this paper, the detection of the faulty leg and the localization of the open-circuit switch of an inverter are investigated. The fault detection technique used in this work is based essentially upon the monitoring of the root mean square (RMS) value and the calculation of the mean value of the three-phase currents. In the first part of the paper work, the faulty leg is detected by monitoring the RMS value of the three-phase currents and comparing them to the nominal value of the phase current. The second part, the open-circuit IGBT fault is localized simply by knowing the polarity of the calculated mean value current of the faulty phase. The work is first accomplished using simulation work and then the obtained simulation results are validated by experimental work conducted in our LDEE laboratory to illustrate the effectiveness, simplicity and rapidity of the proposed technique.

The effect of frequency of feeding milk replacer to pre-ruminant calves on respiratory quotient and the efficiency of food utilization

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
R. J. Fallon ◽  
J. M. Brockway ◽  
G. M. Innes ◽  
A. C. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTThirty-four British Friesian bull calves were used in experiments to identify diurnal patterns of respiratory quotient (RQ), as an indicator of substrate utilization and to measure energy balance when the same daily amount of milk replacer was given on either 1, 2, 4 or 6 occasions. Each calf spent two 4-day periods in an open-circuit respiration chamber followed immediately, in selected calves, by an 8-day period in a metabolism crate, period 1 starting when calves were 12 days of age and period 2 at 28 days of age. The amount of milk replacer given daily was 32 and 48 g/kg M0·75 during periods 1 and 2 respectively.Neither rate of live-weight gain nor the energy balance of the calves was affected by frequency of feeding. However, raising the frequency of feeding from one to four times daily significantly affected the pattern of RQ. Reduced feeding frequency tended to raise the mean maximum and lower the mean minimum values of RQ; reducing the frequency of feeding significantly increased the range in RQ (F < 0·01).The apparent dry-matter digestibility of the milk replacer was higher in 36-day-old than in 20-day-old calves (0·93 v. 0·88; s.e.d. 0·011, P < 0·01). The effect was mainly due to an increase in the digestibility of fat (0·82 v. 0·73; s.e.d. 0·019). In 20-day-old calves, there was a linear increase in fat digestibility with increased frequency of feeding (P < 0·01) rising from 0·67 in calves given milk once daily to 0·85 when milk was given in six meals.The results suggest that calves given milk replacer once daily (at a level of intake of 32 rising to 48 g milk powder per kg M0·75) do not pass through a diurnal period of severe nutrient deprivation and that raising frequency of feeding would do little to improve efficiency of energy utilization.

A short note on the metabolizable energy values for broiler chicks of two varieties of field beans (Vicia faba L.) harvested in 1969

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
I. F. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Field Beans

In a previous publication (Edwards & Duthie, 1971) the metabolizable energy values for broiler chicks of 11 samples of winter-sown Throws M. S. field beans from the 1968 harvest were reported. The samples had been grown at different locations in England which represented a variety of soil types. The mean ‘classical’ and nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy values were 2–40 ± 0–09 kcal/g and 2–26 ±0-11 kcal/g respectively, with as much as 27 % difference between the highest and lowest individual values.

The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling on the response to bacterial inoculation. 1. Silage fermentation and nutrient utilization over three harvests

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
M. G. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Total N ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
The Mean

AbstractFour silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass swards at each of first (primary growth), second (first regrowth) and third (second regrowth) harvests during the 1993 growing season. At each harvest the four silages included two unwilted (without and with inoculant at 2·4 l/t) and two wilted (without and with inoculant at 24 l/t). The four silages within a single harvest, were offered as the total diet at maintenance levels to 12 wether sheep for 3 weeks to determine nutrient apparent digestibilities. They were also given to 12 lactating dairy coivs together with a concentrate supplement, in a three-period change-over study with experimental periods of 8-weeks duration, to examine dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility and utilization of nitrogen (N) and energy in the diets.Inoculation tended to improve silage fermentation with on average lower pH and ammonia-N/total-N across the three harvests, while wilting of grass prior to ensiling significantly increased silage pH fP < 0·001) and ammonia-N/total-N (P < 0·001). Neither inoculation nor wilting had any significant effect on mean nutrient apparent digestibilities, assessed through sheep, across the three harvests. However, at the second harvest inoculation significantly reduced apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·001) and N (P < 0·001). At this harvest, wilting also significantly decreased apparent digestibilities of DM (P<0·05) and N (P <0·01), but significantly increased apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·05), energy (P < 0·001) and N (F < 0·05) at the third harvest. When the silages were offered as mixed diets to dairy cattle, neither inoculation nor wilting had significant effects on digestibilities of DM, N and energy at any of the three harvests, except for wilting which significantly decreased DM apparent digestibilities (P < 0·05) at the second harvest. However, the mean apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·01), N (P < 0·05) and energy (P < 0·01) across the three harvests were significantly lower following wilting, and N apparent digestibility (P < 0·05) was significantly higher following inoculation. The calorimetric data indicated that inoculaton had no significant effects on either methane energy output or heat production. Wilting also had no significant effect on methane energy output, but significantly increased daily heat production (P<0·05) at the first harvest. The efficiencies of metabolizable energy utilization for lactation (k1) were similar between the four silages at each of the first and second harvests, with the average being 0·50. The results of the present study indicated that inoculation tended to improve silage fermentation and significantly increased mean N apparent digestibility of mixed diets across the three harvests, while wilting significantly reduced mean DM, N and energy apparent digestibilities of mixed diets. Neither inoculation nor wilting had significant effects on Rvalue.

Energy cost of eating long hay, straw and pelleted food in sport horses

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vernet ◽  
M. Vermorel ◽  
W. Martin-Rosset
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Long Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractSix sport horses were given 1·26 times the measured maintenance energy requirement (MEm) from each of the four following diets: H1, meadow hay in the long form (organic matter digestibility OMD = 0·541); HMI, 700g/kg the same hay and 300 g/kg pelleted maize; HSBPI, 600g/kg hay and 400g/kg pelleted dehydrated sugar-beet pulp; SCFI, 500g/kg wheat straw and 500g/kg pelleted compound food (experiment 1). In experiment 2, eight sport horses were equipped with a portable device for recording feeding behaviour and fed at 1·31 MEm diet HI (meadow hay in the long form: OMD = 0·574).Circadian energy expenditure (EE) of horses was determined by indirect calorimetry using two large open-circuit respiration chambers. Horses were continuously standing. Increase in metabolic rate (IMR) during eating was calculated from the difference between the mean EE obtained during each eatingperiod and the corresponding resting EE. The mean daily ingestion rate of hay H2 amounted to 148 (s.d. 27)mg dry matter per kg metabolic body weight per min. IMR during the two main meals averaged 0·388 (s.d. 0·059) and was not significantly different between diets H1, H2, HM1 and SCF1. Expressed per kg dry matter intake, energy cost of eating (ECE) was similar for diets H2, H1 and SCF1 but significantly lower for HSBP1 and HM1 (P<0·05). ECE of simple foods was calculated from those of the diets and of hay: proportionately 0·010, 0·042, 0·102 and 0·285 metabolizable energy intake for pelleted maize, pelleted SBP, long hay and wheat straw, respectively.

The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Crop Maturity

AbstractFour multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with simple cannulas in the proximal duodenum and the rumen were offered four diets in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design to evaluate the effect on energy and nitrogen balance of crop maturity of maize when offered as ensiled food with grass silage and a concentrate. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230, 280, 330 and 380 g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile corrected DM (VCDM) and starch content of the maize forages as given were 226, 278, 319 and 357 g/kg FW and 180, 263, 327 and 401 g/kg VCDM respectively. Grass silage (GS) containing 247 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. The diets comprised 8·7 kg DM concentrate per day with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum, in a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize silage with GS, designated T23, T28, T33 and T38. Each period was of 6 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances conducted in respiration chambers over 6 days in either week 5 or 6. There were no significant effects of maturity on DM intake. Changes in milk yield and composition were not significant but milk protein yield increased significantly (P < 0·05) with maize maturity up to T33 and was linearly related (P < 0·05) to changes in maize silage starch and neutraland acid-detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) content. Total starch intake increased significantly (P < 0·01) with maturity but apparent digestibility of starch was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced only with the most mature maize silage (T38). NDF and ADF intake and amounts digested were not significantly different despite a numerical decline with stage of maturity. Total nitrogen intake and apparent digestibility were not significantly different although there were significant differences (P < 0·05) in the amount of nitrogen excreted as urine, which was greatest on T23 and least on T33, and milk which was least on T23 and greatest on T33. Mean gross energy (GE) intake increased by 17 MJ/day from T23 to T33 but the differences were non-significant. Faecal energy output on T23 was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than the other treatments whilst urine energy on T23 was significantly higher (P < 0·05) compared with T33. Methane energy losses were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between treatments in either GE digestibility or metabolizability, digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes or in the partition of ME to heat, tissue or milk. The calculated ME concentrations of the maize silages were not significantly different with an overall mean of 12·3 MJ/kg VCDM estimated at maintenance intake, or 0·63 MJ/MJ GE. Changes in maize silage composition resulted in a doubling of the ratio of digested starch to digested NDF (0·66, 0·94, 1·10 and 1·21) for treatments T23 to T38 respectively. Despite this large change in digested nutrients no differences in the efficiency of energy utilization were detected.

Assembly of three major subclasses of mouse immunoglobulin G: a theoretical model for covalent assembly in vivo

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Percy ◽  
M. E. Percy ◽  
R. Baumal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
In Vitro Assembly ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mouse Myeloma

A mathematical model, based on second-order reaction kinetics, has been used to describe the covalent assembly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in vitro from its heavy (H) and light (L) chains (Percy, M. E., Baumal, R., Dorrington, K. J. &Percy, J. (1976) Can. J. Biochem. 54, 675–687). In the present paper, the same model has now been applied to the steady-state assembly of IgG in vivo. This mathematical approach permits a quantitative comparison of the pathways of covalent assembly used by given immunoglobulins in vivo and in vitro. The assumptions in the model are: the species L, H, HL, HH, HHL and LHHL belong to a common pool; incompleted IgG intermediates may freely assemble to form HL, HH, HHL and LHHL; the reaction rate for covalent linkage between any two reacting species is proportional to the products of the number densities of the reactants and to a parameter P which takes the value PHH if the reaction joins two H chains, and PHL if it joins an H and L chain. In vivo values of PHH/PHL were determined for the 18 mouse myeloma tumours and cell lines studied by Baumal et al. (Baumal, R., Potter, M. &Scharff, M. (1971) J. Exp. Med. 134, 1316–1334). From these analyses, we have arrived at the following conclusions: (1) the three major IgG subclasses have distinctive values of PHH/PHL (mean value 53 for IgG1, 12 for IgG2a and 2.8 for IgG2b); (2) for IgGs of the same subclass, the values of PHH/PHL are similar; (3) the mean in vivo values of PHH/PHL are very close to those determined from in vitro assembly experiments. Finally, the individual values of PHH/PHL have been used to simulate pulse-chase experiments in the various tumours and cell lines. Considering the sources and magnitude of experimental error, the theoretical pathways of assembly agree with those determined qualitatively from the pulse-chase experiments.

Effects of rapeseed-meal and fish-meal supplementation of maize silage-based diets upon voluntary intake, live-weight gain and wool growth of store lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossaibati ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThirty-six individually penned lambs (mean live weight 32·4 (s.d. 2·27) kg) were offered maize silagead libitumand one of three concentrate mixes, two of which contained extracted rapeseed meal (control and HR) and the other fish meal (FM). The concentrates were given according to live weight and in sufficient quantities to provide proportionately about 0·4 of the dry matter (DM) intake of the lambs. The dietary concentrations of nitrogen (N) g/kg DM were 22·4, 27·4 and 27·5 and of rumen undegradable N 6·6, 7·3 and 11·6 for the control, HR and FM diets respectively.Both the HR and FM diets depressed maize silage intakes compared with the control during the first 21 days (P < 0·05) and lambs given the FM diet continued to have lower intakes than control lambs (P < 0·05) throughout the experiment. The live-weight gain of HR lambs was considerably depressed in comparison with the control and FM lambs during the first 21 days of the experiment (P < 0·05). Overall HR lambs gained weight more slowly than control and FM lambs up to 45 kg live weight but the difference was not statistically significant. Food conversion ratio was better for FM than HR (P < 0·01). There were no treatment differences in wool growth.The results obtained provide little evidence that fish meal had any beneficial effects upon lamb growth compared with the control diet except a possible increase in the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization.

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