Popper and Reliabilism

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
True Belief ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Deductive Inference ◽  
Inductive Support ◽  
Radical Scepticism ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

Karl Popper attempted to give an account of scientific research as the rational pursuit of the truth about nature without any appeal to what he took to be the fictitious notion of non-demonstrative or inductive support. Deductive inference can be seen to be inference enough for science, he claimed, once we appreciate the power of data to refute theory. Many of the standard objections to Popper's account purport to show that his deductivism actually entails a radical scepticism about the possibility of scientific knowledge. Some of these objections appear unanswerable in the context of the traditional analysis of knowledge as justified true belief; but this is neither a conception of knowledge that Popper himself accepted nor one that is currently in fashion. Reliabilism, the view that knowledge is a true belief generated by a reliable method, is now a popular replacement for the traditional analysis and one that is closer to Popper's own conception of knowledge. My aim in this essay is to consider in brief compass the prospects of a reliabilist reading of Popper's account of science. Such a reading makes it possible to turn some of the standard objections and helps to show which of Popper's views should be accepted and which rejected.

scholarly journals The Search for One’s Own Ideology as the Primary Task of Social Power

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 420-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shvaiba
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
Religious Ideal ◽  
The Ideal

Scientific knowledge of the historical future requires methodology. And methodology is the application of ideology in scientific research in General, and in research of social processes in particular. For example, religion is always an ideology. It is an illusory ideology. Illusory not because it cannot be as described by the religious ideal (that the ideal is unattainable). For Man, as for his creation — God — there is no unattainable and cannot be. Religion is illusory, not in the sense of an ideal, but in the sense that it cannot be and become in this way, through faith. Religion creates and strengthens (fixes) the ideal but proceeds from the fact that the ideal created by man is a creative force. But God is not power. It’s just a representation of human power. And what the person who created it expects from God is a human goal.

Patents and Scientific Research

2015 ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Sulan Wong
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Patent System ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
Definition Of

It is argued that patents encourage scientific development, benefiting society by creating useful products and services that improve the quality of life. However, by granting exclusive rights of exploitation, patents create situations in which they interfere with the exercise of the freedom of scientific research. This work examines five scenarios where this problem can be seen and the utilitarian function of patents is questioned. Firstly, the effects of research funding in the definition of the lines and research objectives are observed. Secondly, the anticommons is studied, as it is a situation where excessive fragmentation of ownership in scientific knowledge may prevent its use. Thirdly, broad patents and their implications are examined. Fourthly, the deterrent power of patent litigation, which creates an unexpected business model, is analyzed. Fifthly, secrecy is looked upon, as it is encouraged by the logic in which the patent system works.

4. The analysis of knowledge

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Nagel
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Causal Theory ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Classical Analysis ◽  
Alvin Goldman ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

‘The analysis of knowledge’ begins with Edmund Gettier who challenged the ‘classical analysis of knowledge’ that equates knowledge with justified true belief. His no-false-belief proposal had some flaws. Alvin Goldman then proposed the causal theory of knowledge: experience-based knowledge that requires the knower to be appropriately causally connected to a fact. Goldman went on to launch a fresh analysis of knowledge, focused on reliability. Reliabilism is when knowledge is true belief that is produced by a mechanism likely to produce true belief. But can knowing be analysed at all? The relationship between knowing and believing is considered in the knowledge-first and belief-first movements of epistemology.

Intimate entanglements in the animal house: Caring for and about mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Friese
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Intimate Knowledge ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Animal House

This article presents two vignettes from ethnographic research conducted in a ‘biological services unit’ or mouse house at a life sciences research institute in the UK. I focus on the ‘intimate knowledge’ two animal technicians demonstrated as crucial to care for the mice, where affective knowledge operated alongside scientific knowledge of animal welfare and administrative knowledge of keeping laboratory animals. I then show how caring for and about laboratory mice entailed caring about various other things, things that could help improve the lives of the mice. I thematize how the animal technicians ‘care about’ mice, using Astrid Schrader’s twin conceptions of compassion and ‘abyssal intimacy’. However, unlike Schrader and much of the literature focusing on the centrality of ‘sacrifice’ in scientific research involving laboratory animals, I contend that compassion is not centrally informed by death as the abyss here. Rather, the violent relatedness of being replaceable forms the abyss that makes compassion possible. It was the fact of caring about those with whom one becomes so intimately entangled, within the context of paid labour where one is replaceable, that formed the basis for compassion between animal technicians, mice and myself.

Richman on the Principle of Deducibility for Justification

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-302
Author(s):  
G. W. Fitch
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

In a recent paper Robert J. Richman joins a host of doubters who question Gettier's claim that knowledge is not justified true belief. Richman's scepticism of Gettier's counterexamples to the traditional analysis of knowledge stems from what he says are two basic defects in the examples. One defect is that Gettier employs the Principle of Deducibility for Justification (PDJ) which Richman argues is false. The second defect is based on “the obvious consideration that a belief which is justified on the basis of one set of facts or assumptions need not be justified on the basis of a different set.” I shall consider each of these alleged defects and argue that Richman has not shown that in fact they are defects and that Gettier's counterexamples (or a modified version of them) do in fact show that knowledge is not justified true belief.The Principle of Deducibility for Justification states that for any proposition P, if P entails Q and S correctly deduces Q from P and accepts Q as a result of this deduction, then Sis justified in believing Q.

scholarly journals JOURNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN SERBIA BETWEEN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL INTERESTS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Semiz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
National Interests

The paper problematizes the current situation and development perspectives of social science journals in Serbia in the context of global (international) and national interests. Scientific articles in national social science journals are commonly the most prevalent form of dissemination and production of scientific knowledge, standpoints and views, a clear indicator of research excellence of university teachers, as well as the indicator of the quality of scientific journals, and the quality of scientific research in general. Therefore, it is not surprising that national and global interests and values intertwine in the domain of national journals. The reference framework for the analysis of selected issues is placed within the range of existing scientometric and bibliometric research, as well as the legislation referring to scientific research, manner and procedures for the evaluation of research results, and election to academic titles. The analysis we conducted led to the general conclusion that national social science journals are in a gap between the national and global context. Although their significance is beyond question, by promoting national and cultural values and interests, they exist as insufficiently competitive and globally invisible media for transfer and valorization of scientific knowledge in the academic community. In addition to analyzing the implications of the current education policies, editorial policies of the journals and strategic solutions aimed at raising and evaluating the quality of national social science journals, and integrating them into global information system trends, the paper also proposes potential directions for further development of national social science journals as a prerequisite for raising scientific productivity in the domain of social sciences.

Are There Things Which We Should Not Know?

1998 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Moral Relevance ◽  
Moral Permissibility ◽  
Cognitive Values

It has been claimed that decisions concerning scientific research topics and the publication of research results are purely methodological, and that any moral considerations refer only to research methods and uses of acquired knowledge. The arguments advanced in favor of this view appeal to the moral neutrality of scientific knowledge and the intrinsic value of truth. I argue that neither is valid. Moreover, I show three cases where a scientist’s decision to begin research clearly bears moral relevance: (1) when starting an inquiry would create circumstances threatening some non-cognitive values; (2) when achieving a certain piece of knowledge would threaten the existence of the individual’s private sphere; and (3) when there are reasons to think that humankind is not prepared to accumulate some knowledge. These cases do not prove the existence of some intrinsically ‘morally forbidden topics,’ but show that the moral permissibility of any given inquiry is not a priori guaranteed but needs to be judged in the same way that its methodological soundness is judged. Judgments concerning research topics have both methodological and moral aspects and these two cannot be separated under the threat of distorting science. Making such judgments requires knowledge not only of scientific methodology, but also of its social and philosophical implications. Philosophy is necessary in order to do good science.

Identifying and solving scientific problems in the medicine: key to become a competent scientist

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Aydemir ◽  
Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
Keyword(s):  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Scientific Questions ◽  
Day By Day

AbstractThe scientific method can be described as a multistep and detailed process, in which finding the best question is the first and most crucial step. Thus, scientific problem should be examined thoroughly in different ways and perspectives. The amount and diversity of scientific data are enormously increasing and becoming more specific day by day, therefore traditional observational biology is not sufficient on an individual basis to understand and treat multifactorial diseases. Moreover, protocols, documentations, information, outcomes, precisions, and considerations of evidence should be improved to answer scientific questions correctly during the scientific research. Because of the diversity of the data and the methods, statisticians and methodologists should be involved and contribute to the all stages of research. Besides that, all scientific data should be certainly reproducible and repeatable. Scientific knowledge is in a state of flux and becomes more complex day by day. Thus, becoming a competent scientist needs, abilities and skills such as creativity, hardworking and self-discipline that all requires lifelong learning, searching, and widening scientific horizons consistently.

Scientific research principles of state financial policy modernization in the globalization conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Romanchukevych
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Initial Research

The article deals with the problems of scientific research of the modernization of the public financial policy in the context of globalization. The author identifies the main difficulties and problems of development and implementation of public financial policy and the principles of scientific knowledge in this field. Principles of construction and implementation of public financial policy are divided into 2 logical groups: basic principles, as well as special principles that take into account the peculiarities of financial policy implementation in a particular country. The author considers that adherence to the above principles will make it possible to build a truly qualitative financial policy of the state. Therefore, it is important to pay considerable attention to the observance of these principles and the observance of the basic principles (rules) of scientific research in the study of public financial policy. The author presents his own logic of scientific research of modernization of public financial policy in the conditions of globalization on the basis of interpretation of the content of fundamental principles of scientific knowledge, in particular also in accordance with the principle of unity of logical and historical. By adhering to the principle of objectivity, research can avoid or significantly reduce the risk of bias. This principle can be ensured, including by means of a clear justification of the initial research data, which should include a comprehensive disclosure of the positions of the previous financial policy studies of the state. The existence of an adequate information base for the study of the state’s financial policy makes it possible to take into account a set of factors that influence its formation and implementation.

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