Split intransitivity in English

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES BAKER
Keyword(s):  
State Change ◽  
Traditional Notion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Auxiliary Selection ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Split Intransitivity ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

This article proposes a hierarchy of functional heads encoding the features [±control], [±initiation], [±state], [±change] and [±telic] (see Ramchand 2008). It is argued that this allows for a superior analysis of split intransitivity in English than the traditional notion of ‘unaccusativity’ – the idea that there are two classes of intransitive verbs which differ in relation to the underlying status/positions of their arguments. Rather, it is shown – on the basis of a systematic consideration of a wide range of English verbs – that the proposed diagnostics for unaccusativity in English identify multiple classes, whose behaviour can be captured in terms of the proposed hierarchy. Good correlation is found between the classes identified by the English diagnostics and Sorace's (2000) Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy (ASH), providing further support for the cross-linguistic applicability of the ASH to split intransitive patterns.

Italian split intransitivity and image schemas

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Stolova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Single Parameter ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Semantic View ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Mismatch Problem ◽  
Auxiliary Selection ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Split Intransitivity ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

This paper explores the choice between the auxiliaries BE and HAVE with Italian intransitive verbs. Most attempts to account for split intransitivity in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages, can be roughly grouped into two categories: the syntactic perspective and the semantic view. In this article I propose that instead of attempting to identify one single parameter responsible for the choice between BE and HAVE, the Romanists should, as our colleagues in other language families have already done, consider the auxiliary selection in terms of a combination of motivations related to the speakers’ conceptualization of the event and to their access to the relevant image schema. This proposition prompts us to reassess the conclusions previously reached by researchers working with aphasic subjects. In addition, it fosters integration between cognitive linguistics and neuroscience by providing a solution to the so-called “Granularity Mismatch Problem.”

scholarly journals Optimization of Geometrical Parameters of Hollow-core Slabs by Formwork-free Shaping for Construction in Seismic Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4973-4977
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Hollow Core ◽  
Constructive Solution ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Operational Load ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hollow Core Slab ◽  
The Cross

The building norms and standards of Uzbekistan on the reinforced concrete structures do not regulate the design of hollow-core slabs of formwork-free shaping, reinforced with prestressed wire reinforcement. The manufacturing technology of such slabs allows creating a wide range of products that increase the possibility of their use in various structural systems in residential, civil and industrial buildings, but in non-seismic areas only. The aim of this work is to develop a constructive solution for the cross section of a prestressed hollow-core floor slab of bench formwork-free shaping, reinforced with high-strength wire reinforcement, in order to create a wide range of products intended for construction in seismic areas. To achieve the goal, the problem of determining the optimal combination of height and configuration parameters of the cross section of such a slab is solved, meeting the normalized operational requirements and limitations of earthquake-resistant building standards. The main variable parameters are the height and the void degree of the section, characterized by the size and shape of voids. In calculating the cross-section of a hollow-core slab when substantiating the theoretical basis for the calculation, the cross section is reduced to the equivalent I-section. As a result of research, a constructive solution was developed for the slab cross section of the maximum parameter values (the span, operational load) set by the customer. The parameters of the slab cross-section are: the height 190 mm, the hollowness 38%, the height of the upper thickened flange (compared with the height of the lower flange) of the given section is 0.27h, the height of the lower flange is 0.17h, the reduced (total) thickness of all ribs “b” is 0.32 of the width of the upper flange. The voids in the section along the height of the slab are arranged asymmetrically. A patent for a utility model has been received for the proposed constructive solution of the slab cross section.

Sorption of Caustic Solution by Formaldehyde-Crosslinked Cottons

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Honold ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland ◽  
James N. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Solution ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Centrifuge Test ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
The Cross

Differences in the ability of formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton fibers to swell are demonstrated in terms of alkali centrifuge values (ACV), i.e., the sorption of caustic solution of mercerizing strength. The wide range in ACV (310–50) emphasizes the extremes in sorptivity that can be achieved by differences in formaldehyde content and in method of introducing the cross links. In general, the ACV decreases with increasing formaldehyde content. However, ACV higher than that of the noncross-linked control cotton are reached for those samples in which a low percentage of formaldehyde was introduced into water-swollen fibers. Various hypotheses, based on ACV and related data, are presented pertaining to the alterations in fiber structure during the cross-linking processes and during the alkali swelling centrifuge test

IL-33-ILC2 axis represents a potential adjuvant target to increase the cross-protective efficacy of influenza vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare M. Williams ◽  
Sreeja Roy ◽  
Danielle Califano ◽  
Andrew N. J. McKenzie ◽  
Dennis W. Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cross

Interleukin (IL)-33 is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates type 2 dominated immune responses. In contrast, the role of IL-33 during viral vaccination, which often aims to induce type 1 immunity, has not been fully investigated. Here we examined the effects of IL-33 on influenza vaccine responses. We found that intranasal co-administration of IL-33 with an inactivated influenza virus vaccine increases the vaccine efficacy against influenza infection, not only with the homologous strain, but also heterologous strains including the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic strain. The cross-protection was dependent on group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), as the beneficial effect of IL-33 on vaccine efficacy was abrogated in ILC2-deficient C57BL/6 Il7r P Cre/+ P Rora P fl/fl P mice. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that IL-33 activated ILC2s potentiate vaccine efficacy by enhancing mucosal humoral immunity, particularly IgA responses, potentially via a Th2 cytokine dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that IL-33-mediated activation of ILC2s is a critical early event that is important for the induction of mucosal humoral immunity, which in turn is responsible for cross-strain protection against influenza. Thus, we reveal a previously unrecognized role for the IL-33/ILC2 axis in establishing broadly protective and long-lasting humoral mucosal immunity against influenza – knowledge that may help develop a universal influenza vaccine. Importance Current influenza vaccines, although capable of protecting against predicted viruses/strains included in the vaccine, are inept at providing cross-protection against emerging/novel strains. Thus, we are in critical need for a universal vaccine that can protect against a wide range of influenza viruses. Our novel findings show that a mucosal vaccination strategy involving the activation of lung ILC2s is highly effective in eliciting cross-protective humoral immunity in the lungs. This suggests that the biology of lung ILC2s can be exploited to increase the cross-reactivity of commercially available influenza subunit vaccines.

Development of innovative monitoring technologies in the framework of InnovaMare Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Odetti ◽  
Federica Braga ◽  
Fabio Brunetti ◽  
Massimo Caccia ◽  
Simone Marini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Air Cushion ◽  
The Cross

<p>The IT-HR InnovaMare project, led by the Croatian Chamber of Economy, puts together policy instruments and key players for development of innovative technologies for the sustainable development of the Adriatic Sea (https://www.italy-croatia.eu/web/innovamare). The project aims at enhancing the cross-border cooperation among research, public and private stakeholders through creation of a Digital Innovation Hub (DIH). The goal is to increase effectiveness of innovation in underwater robotics and sensors to achieve and maintain a healthy and productive Adriatic Sea, as one of the crucial and strategic societal challenges existing at the cross-border level. Within InnovaMare, CNR ISMAR and INM institutes and OGS, in cooperation with the University of Zagreb and other project partners, contribute to developing a solution to access and monitor extremely shallow water by means of portable, modular, reconfigurable and highly maneuverable robotic vehicles. The identified vehicle is SWAMP, an innovative highly modular catamaran ASV recently developed by CNR-INM. SWAMP is characterised by small size, low draft, new materials, azimuth propulsion system for shallow waters and modular WiFi-based hardware&software architecture. Two SWAMP vehicles will be enhanced with a series of kits, tools and sensors to perform a series of strategic actions in the environmental monitoring of the Venice Lagoon: <br>i) An air-cushion-system-kit will be designed and developed. The vehicle will become a side-wall air-cushion-vehicle with reduction of drag and increase in speed. This will also increase the payload with a reduction of draft. <br>ii) An intelligent winch kit with a communication cable for the management of underwater sensors and tools.<br>iii) A GPS-RTK kit for highly accurate positioning in the range of centimeters.<br>iv) An Autonomous programmable device for image acquisition and processing based on the Guard1 camera. This camera acquires images content and, by means of a supervised machine learning approach, recognises/classifies features such as fish, zooplankton, seabed, infrastructures. The system is conceived for autonomous monitoring activities extended in time in fixed or mobile platforms.<br>v) A Multibeam Echo-sounder (MBES) coupled with an IMU (for pitch-roll compensation). MBES data can be used, also coupled with Cameras Imagery, through image-detection techniques for reconstruction and comprehensive knowledge of underwater environment and infrastructures. Possible analyses in coastal areas are: seabed mapping also for cultural heritage, offshore structures and resources and monitoring of biodiversity, hydrocarbon, marine litter, pollution.<br>vi) An underwater Radiometer for multiple analysis: temporal dynamics of optical properties of water; temporal dynamics of water turbidity from water reflectance; submerged vegetation and water depth mapping in optically shallow water; produce reference data for validation of satellite data.<br>vii) Automatic Nutrient Analyzer for real-time nutrient monitoring. This sensor measures nitrate with high accuracy over a wide range of environmental conditions (including extremely turbid and high CDOM conditions), from blue-ocean nitraclines to storm runoff in rivers and streams. <br>The final result of this pilot action is the creation of an innovative prototype platform for sea environmental monitoring. This will be validated through the analysis of results and draw up of guidelines for the improvement of underwater conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Optimized CNT-PDMS Flexible Composite for Attachable Health-Care Device

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Du ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Yanbin Shi ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Shiheng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Percolation Threshold ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Linear Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cross

The CNT-PDMS composite has been widely adopted in flexible devices due to its high elasticity, piezoresistivity, and biocompatibility. In a wide range of applications, CNT-PDMS composite sensors were used for resistive strain measurement. Accordingly, the percolation threshold 2%~4% of the CNT weight ratio in the CNT-PDMS composite was commonly selected, which is expected to achieve the optimized piezoresistive sensitivity. However, the linear range around the percolation threshold weight ratio (2%~4%) limits its application in a stable output of large strain (>20%). Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the electromechanical, mechanical, and electrical properties for the CNT-PDMS composite with different CNT weight ratios was expected. In this paper, a systematic study was conducted on the piezoresistivity, Young’s modulus, conductivity, impedance, and the cross-section morphology of different CNT weight ratios (1 to 10 wt%) of the CNT-PDMS composite material. It was experimentally observed that the piezo-resistive sensitivity of CNT-PDMS negatively correlated with the increase in the CNT weight ratio. However, the electrical conductivity, Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and the linear range of piezoresistive response of the CNT-PDMS composite positively correlated with the increase in CNT weight ratio. Furthermore, the mechanism of these phenomena was analyzed through the cross-section morphology of the CNT-PDMS composite material by using SEM imaging. From this analysis, a guideline was proposed for large strain (40%) measurement applications (e.g., motion monitoring of the human body of the finger, arm, foot, etc.), the CNT weight ratio 8 wt% was suggested to achieve the best piezoresistive sensitivity in the linear range.

The semantics of auxiliary selection in Old Spanish

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Aranovich
Keyword(s):  
Auxiliary System ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Data Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Auxiliary Selection ◽  
Split Intransitivity ◽  
Reflexive Verbs

Old Spanish had a split auxiliary system in the perfect tense, reminiscent of what is found in Modern French and Modern Italian. In this paper, I trace the progress of the displacement of ser ‘be’ by haber ‘have’ with intransitive and reflexive verbs in the history of Spanish. The data support the hypothesis that predicates that have a more patient-like subject are the last ones to lose their ability to select ser, regardless of their syntactic or morphological make-up. This analysis, I argue, adds to the mounting evidence in favor of a universal semantic account of split intransitivity.

scholarly journals Cross sections of electron collisions with noble gases atoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Rusudan Golyatina ◽  
Sergei Maiorov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Electron Collisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Formulas ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Approximation Coefficients ◽  
Ionization Cross Sections

Consideration is given to the analysis of data on the cross sections of elastic and inelastic col-lisions of electrons with noble gas atoms. The transport (diffusion) cross section, the excita-tion and ionization cross sections are studied. For the selected sets of experimental and theo-retical data, optimal analytical formulas are found and approximation coefficients are select-ed for them. The obtained semi-empirical formulas allow us to reproduce the cross section values in a wide range of collision energies from 0.001 to 10000 eV with an accuracy of sev-eral percent.

scholarly journals UNJUK KERJA TURBIN CROSS-FLOW DENGAN SIMULASI CFD PADA NOSEL DAN MANUFAKTUR PADA RUNNER

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Steven Darmawan ◽  
Abrar Riza ◽  
M. Sobron Y. Lubis ◽  
Stevanus Aditya Winardi ◽  
Reuben Christianto
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Ss 304

Covid-19 pandemic has lead disruption in energy sector, new-and-renewable energy demand is increasing, which show that renewable energy is promisable to be developed.  As one of the hydraulic turbine, the cross-flow turbine is prospective primve mover in line with the 7th goal of the SDG’s Goals. Cross-flow turbine is radial atmospheric turbine which generates power by converting hydraulic energy from water to mechanical energy on the shaft by using nozzle and runner. The advantages make this device is became famous, including simple construction and geometry, low maintenance & cost and can be used at wide range operation scheme. However, the cross-flow turbine system is also known to have low efficiency. Based on this condition, this research is aims to improve the efficiency with design the nozzle and to manufacture the runner with two material. The operating condition is set to 1 phase water as working fluid with 1,4 L/s of flow. Nozzle design conducted with CFD 3D simulation from 3 different model. Runner manufacturing is conducted numerically with CAM simulation and experimentally by using CNC machining with Stainless Stell 304 and Aluminium 6061. CFD simulation on the nozzle shows that nozzle model 3 with total length of 400 mm, width 124 mm and throat radius 75 mm.resulting the maximum outlet velocity to the runner 0,135 m/s. Manufacturing of the runner and experiment on the system with nozzle model 3 show that the runner with SS 304 is able to generates larger power to 8,38 Watt,100% larger than the Aluminium 6061.Keywords: Renewable Energy, Cross-flow turbine, CFD, CAMAbstrakPandemi Covid-19 mengakibatkan disrupsi pada sektor energi, dimana konsumsi energi baru dan terbarukan mengalami kenaikan. Fenomena ini menunjukkan bahwa energi terbarukan menjanjikan untuk terus dikembangkan. Sesuai dengan goal ke-7 dari SDG’s oleh PBB, turbin cross-flow merupakan turbin radial yang menghasilkan daya melalui konversi energi hidrolik dari air sebagai sumber energi terbarukan, menjadi energi mekanis pada poros melalui penggunaan nosel dan runner, banyak digunakan karena beberapa kelebihannya, antara lain konstruksi yang sederhana dan simetris hanya memerlukan biaya perawatan yang rendah dan sederhana serta dapat digunakan pada rentang beban yang cukup besar. Namun demikian, turbin cross-flow secara umum memiliki nilai efisiensi yang lebih rendah. Efisiensi sistem dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan material runner yang seusai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan perancangan terhadap nosel dan proses manufaktur runner cross-flow sehingga dapat diperoleh geometri nosel serta jenis material dan proses manufaktur runner yang sesuai untuk rentang operasi, yaitu aliran air 1 fasa dengan debit 1,4 L/s. Pengembangan nosel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode CFD pada 3 model geometri. Pengembangan terhadap runner meliputi simulasi CAM dan manufaktur pada 2 jenis material, yaitu SS 304 dan Aluminium 6061. Hasil simulasi CFD 3D menunjukkan bahwa nosel model 3 dengan dimensi panjang total 400mm, lebar 124 mm, dan radius pada throat 75mm menghasilkan kecepatan pada sisi outlet sebesar 0,135 m/s. Hasil simulasi CAM dan Manufaktur terhadap runner serta eksperimen terhadap sistem dengan nosel model 3 menunjukkan bahwa bahwa runner dengan material SS 304 menghasilkan daya, yaitu 8.38 Watt, 100% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan runner dengan material Aluminium 6061.

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