scholarly journals Empirically derived dietary patterns in relation to psychological disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Mohammadreza Vafa ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽  
Awat Feizi ◽  
Reza Majdzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectivePsychological disorders are highly prevalent worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between major dietary patterns and prevalence of psychological disorders in a large sample of Iranian adults.DesignA cross-sectional study was done to identify dietary patterns derived from factor analysis. Dietary data were collected through the use of a validated dish-based semi-quantitative FFQ. Psychological health was examined by use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the General Health Questionnaire.SettingThe study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, within the framework of the Study on Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN).SubjectsIranian adults (n 3846) aged 20–55 years.ResultsAfter adjustment for potential confounders, greater adherence to the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern was protectively associated with depression in women (OR=0·65; 95 % CI 0·46, 0·91). Normal-weight participants in the top quintile of this dietary pattern tended to have decreased odds of anxiety compared with those in the bottom quintile (OR=0·61; 95 % CI 0·38, 1·00). In addition, the traditional dietary pattern was associated with increased odds of depression (OR=1·42; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·99) and anxiety (OR=1·56; 95 % CI 1·00, 2·42) in women. Normal-weight participants in the highest quintile of the traditional dietary pattern had greater odds for anxiety (OR=1·89; 95 % CI 1·12, 3·08) compared with those in the lowest quintile. The Western dietary pattern was associated with increased odds of depression in men (OR=1·73; 95 % CI 1·07, 2·81) and anxiety in normal-weight participants (OR=2·05; 95 % CI 1·22, 3·46). There was a significant increasing trend in the odds of psychological distress across increasing quintiles of the fast food dietary pattern in women (P-trend=0·02).ConclusionsRecommendation to increase the intake of fruits, citrus fruits, vegetables, tomato and low-fat dairy products and to reduce the intakes of snacks, high-fat dairy products, chocolate, carbonated drinks, sweets and desserts might be associated with lower chance of psychological disorders.

scholarly journals Exploring absolute and relative measures of exposure to food environments in relation to dietary patterns among European adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 1037-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
MGM Pinho ◽  
JD Mackenbach ◽  
J-M Oppert ◽  
H Charreire ◽  
H Bárdos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Spatial Access ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Retailers ◽  
Healthy Dietary Pattern

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the associations of absolute and relative measures of exposure to food retailers with dietary patterns, using simpler and more complex measures.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingUrban regions in Belgium, France, Hungary, the Netherlands and the UK.ParticipantsEuropean adults (n 4942). Supermarkets and local food shops were classified as ‘food retailers providing healthier options’; fast-food/takeaway restaurants, cafés/bars and convenience/liquor stores as ‘food retailers providing less healthy options’. Simpler exposure measures used were density of healthy and density of less healthy food retailers. More complex exposure measures used were: spatial access (combination of density and proximity) to healthy and less healthy food retailers; density of healthier food retailers relative to all food retailers; and a ratio of spatial access scores to healthier and less healthy food retailers. Outcome measures were a healthy or less healthy dietary pattern derived from a principal component analysis (based on consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, fast foods, sweets and sweetened beverages).ResultsOnly the highest density of less healthy food retailers was significantly associated with the less healthy dietary pattern (β = −129·6; 95 % CI −224·3, −34·8). None of the other absolute density measures nor any of the relative measures of exposures were associated with dietary patterns.ConclusionsMore complex measures of exposure to food retailers did not produce stronger associations with dietary patterns. We had some indication that absolute and relative measures of exposure assess different aspects of the food environment. However, given the lack of significant findings, this needs to be further explored.

Dietary methyl donor micronutrients intake in relation to psychological disorders in adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Keyhan Lotfi ◽  
Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli ◽  
Parvane Saneei ◽  
Hamid Afshar ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Methyl Donor ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Abstract Previous investigations have mostly studied an individual methyl donor nutrient in relation to psychological disorders and the findings were inconsistent. We investigated the association of methyl donor micronutrients (folate, B6, B12, choline, betaine, and methionine) with psychological disorders (depression, anxiety, psychological distress) in Iranian adults. In this cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of 3299 adults were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Methyl donor micronutrient score (MDMS) was calculated based on energy-adjusted deciles of each nutrient. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), validated for Iranians, have been applied to assess depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. Participants had a mean age of 36.3±7.9 years, of whom 58.5% were women. After considering potential confounders, adults in the top quartile of MDMS, compared to the bottom one, had decreased odds of anxiety (OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.37–0.75), depression (OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.58–0.97) and psychological distress (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.46–0.80). Stratified analysis revealed that the highest category of MDMS among men was related to a 68% lower odds of anxiety (95%CI: 0.15–0.68). Among women, the top quartile of MDMS was protectively associated with anxiety (OR: 0.60, 95%CI: 0.40–0.90), depression (OR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.50–0.93) and psychological distress (OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.38–0.74). Overweight and obese subjects in the highest quartile of MDMS had a 67%, 35%, and 53% lower odds of anxiety (95%CI: 0.20–0.56), depression (95%CI: 0.44–0.94), and psychological distress (95%CI: 0.31–0.70), respectively. We found that high consumption of methyl donor micronutrients was related to a reduced odds of psychological disorders, especially in women and overweight or obese individuals. Further prospective studies are needed to affirm these findings.

scholarly journals The association between excess weight and self-rated health and psychological distress in women in Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Martín-López ◽  
Napoleon Pérez-Farinós ◽  
Valentín Hernández-Barrera ◽  
Ana Lopez de Andres ◽  
Pilar Carrasco-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Spanish Women

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the associations between obesity and self-rated health and psychological well-being in Spanish women.DesignCross-sectional study. Three dependent variables were defined: self-rated health; self-declared diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or use of psychiatric drugs; and General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) score. A set of variables (sociodemographic, morbidity and lifestyle) were used to adjust for possible confounding effects.SettingThe National Health Survey was conducted in Spain in 2006.SubjectsA total of 15 099 women aged ≥18 years. Participants were classified into groups according to their BMI.ResultsIn all, 55·4 % of the women had normal weight, 29·4 % were overweight and 15·2 % were obese. Self-perception of poor health in obese women was 57·8 %, a significantly higher value than in women of normal weight (28·8 %). Prevalence of psychiatric disease was 35·5 % in obese women and 18·9 % in women of normal weight. In multivariate analysis, obese women had 34 % higher odds of declaring poor self-perception of health (OR = 1·34; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·61), 18 % higher odds of self-reporting psychiatric disease (OR = 1·18; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·38) and 26 % higher odds (OR = 1·26; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·55) of having an abnormal outcome (≥3) on the GHQ-12 than women of normal weight.ConclusionsThe present study highlights that obese Spanish women have worse self-rated health and psychological health than those with normal weight. These aspects are relevant because of the growing importance placed on the functionality of patients and their mental health within the obesity epidemic.

scholarly journals Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela Matias de PINHO ◽  
Fernando ADAMI ◽  
Jucemar BENEDET ◽  
Francisco de Assis Guedes de VASCONCELOS
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Objective The association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents was analysed in this study. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 963 Brazilian adolescents, aged between 11 and 14 years were evaluated. Body mass index was used to assess overweight/obesity. Dietary patterns and screen time were assessed using qualitative questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns. Confounder variables were: type of school (public or private), sexual maturation, mother’s weight and mother’s education. The Chi-square test was used for the crude analysis; for the adjusted analysis was used Poisson regression with sample weighting. Results Overweight/obesity prevalence was 29.8% and statistically higher among boys (34.7%). Higher screen time prevalence was 39.1%. The dietary patterns obtained were: obesogenic; coffee and dairy products; traditional Brazilian meal; fruit and vegetables; bread and chocolate milk. The dietary pattern that more closely represented student food consumption was the obesogenic pattern. Screen time was not significantly associated with overweight/obesity. The obesogenic pattern (in both sexes), the coffee and dairy products pattern, and the bread and chocolate milk pattern (only in girls), were inversely associated with overweight/obesity. In this study, dietary patterns influenced overweight/obesity, although in some cases, in an inverse way from what expected. Conclusion A high prevalence of overweight/obesity and a high proportion of screen time activities among the adolescents were observed. Our results indicate a high consumption of unhealthy dietary pattern among adolescents.

Dietary patterns in relation to inflammation in shift workers

2019 ◽  
pp. jramc-2018-001119
Author(s):  
Reihane Khorasaniha ◽  
F Siassi ◽  
F Khajehnasiri ◽  
M Qorbani ◽  
G Sotoudeh
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Hs Crp

IntroductionRotational shift work has a considerable effect on immune function and cause inflammation. In addition, it may lead to unhealthy dietary intake. No earlier study has examined the association between dietary patterns and inflammation in rotational shift workers. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association between dietary patterns and circulating proinflammatory cytokines among shift workers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 257 male shift workers. Dietary intake of participants was examined using the semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using suitable commercial kits.ResultsThree main dietary patterns included green vegetables, yellow vegetables and cruciferous vegetables (VEG), liquid oils and mayonnaise, fast food and eggs (LFE), as well as tea and coffee, refined grains and spice (TRS). Subjects with the highest adherence to VEG dietary pattern had a significantly lower concentration of IL-6 (p<0.01) and TNF-α (p<0.001) as compared with those with the lowest adherence. On the other hand, a significant negative association was found between LFE dietary pattern and serum concentrations of IL-6 (p=0.01) and TNF-α (p=0.02). However, no significant association was found between adherence to VEG (p=0.34) or LFE (p=0.99) dietary patterns and levels of hs-CRP and between adherence to TRS dietary pattern and any of the inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionAdherence to VEG and LFE dietary patterns was inversely and directly associated to serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in shift workers, respectively. However, no significant association was found between adherence to these two dietary patterns and serum hs-CRP concentrations and between TRS dietary pattern and any of the inflammatory cytokines.

scholarly journals Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Shareghfarid ◽  
Amin Salehi-Abargouei ◽  
Hamid Mirhoseini ◽  
Masoud Mirzaei ◽  
Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is the most common chronic mental and behavioral disorder among children. We aimed to derive major dietary patterns in relation with ADHD through a case-control study. Participants were selected from age-gender matched children and adolescents who were categorized into case (n = 120) and control groups (n = 240). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was used to diagnose ADHD. Food frequency questionnaire and principal component analysis were used to measure food intake and identify major dietary patterns, respectively. The snack-fast food dietary pattern significantly increased odds of ADHD in fully adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.39-7.84; P for trend < 0.001). Fish and low fat dairy products dietary pattern is protectively associated with ADHD (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.91; P for trend = 0.02). Vegetable and nut dietary pattern showed no significant relation with possibility of ADHD (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.40-1.90; P for trend = 0.53). Children are suggested to reduce intake of snack and fast food dietary pattern and increase fish and low fat dairy products, and legumes to reduce the chance of ADHD.

scholarly journals The Associations between Dietary Patterns and Short Sleep Duration in Polish Adults (LifeStyle Study)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Gębski ◽  
Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz ◽  
Dominika Guzek ◽  
Monika Świątkowska ◽  
Dagmara Stangierska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Excessive Weight

Short sleep duration appears to put adults at risk of excessive energy intake and obesity; less is known specifically about how sleep quantity relates to dietary patterns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the associations of dietary patterns (DPs) with short sleep duration. The data were collected in November 2016 through a cross-sectional quantitative survey among 972 Polish adults with both normal weight and excessive weight. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to derive DPs. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify associations between short sleep duration (independent variable) and DPs (dependent variables). Five DPs (‘Fast foods & sweets’—FF&S; ‘Meat & meat products’—M&MP; ‘Fruit & vegetable’—F&V; ‘Wholemeal food’—WF; and ‘Fruit & vegetable juices’—F&VJ) were identified. Adults whose diet was based both on fruit and vegetables (OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44–0.88; p < 0.01) and on fast food and sweets (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.99; p < 0.01) were less likely to be short sleepers on weekdays. On weekdays short sleep duration was associated with smaller odds of FF&S both for men (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.33–0.97; p < 0.05) and for women (OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.98; p < 0.05), and with smaller odds of F&V (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20–0.58; p < 0.001) for men. Short sleep duration on weekend days was associated with a smaller odds of F&VJ (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.30–0.96; p < 0.05- only in crude model) and higher odds of F&V (OR 1.70, 95% CI: 1.02–3.11; p < 0.05) for women, and with a smaller odds of FF&S (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.79; p < 0.05) for men. The number of significant associations between dietary patterns and sleep duration was higher among people with normal weight and overweight compared to those with BMI ≥ 30. We found that both short sleep duration on weekdays and weekend days was associated with some dietary patterns including both healthy and unhealthy DPs. Gender significantly differed these relationships in groups with normal and excessive weight. Findings of the study confirmed the potential effectiveness of combined use of sleep duration and dietary patterns in the development of recommendations for prevention of obesity. Future studies are called for to evaluate these links using dietary patterns identified according to food intake.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns and glycaemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marwa Alaradi ◽  
Asma Ouagueni ◽  
Rim Khatib ◽  
Grace Attieh ◽  
Hiba Bawadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor Glycaemic Control ◽  
Diabetes Medication

Abstract Objective: To assess the association between dietary patterns and glycaemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Design: Cross-sectional analysis using data from the Qatar Biobank Study. Poor glycaemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥7·0 %. Dietary patterns were constructed using factor analysis based on habitual food intake assessed by a FFQ. Medication use was based on self-report. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association. Setting: Qatar. Participants: Adults aged ≥18 years (n 1000) with known diabetes. Result: The mean age of the participants was 52·3 (sd 11·5) years. Overall, the prevalence of poor glycaemic control was 57·6 %, and 27·7 % of the participants were insulin users. Three dietary patterns were identified. The modern dietary pattern (high intake of fast food, croissants, white bread and cheese) was inversely associated with poor glycaemic control. The sd increments of the modern pattern had OR for poor glycaemic control of 0·86 (95 % CI 0·68, 1·08) in men and 0·76 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·95) in women. There was a significant interaction between the modern pattern and diabetes medication in men but not in women. In men without diabetes medication, the modern pattern was positively associated with poor glycaemic control with an OR of 2·35 (95 % CI 1·13, 4·87). Conclusions: Male diabetes patients took medication to control diabetes but ate more unhealthy food. In men who were not taking diabetes medication, modern dietary pattern was associated with poor glycaemic control. Promoting healthy eating should be encouraged especially among those under diabetes medication.

scholarly journals Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns and Attention Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Shareghfarid ◽  
Amin Salehi-Abargouei ◽  
Hamid Mirhoseini ◽  
Masoud Mirzaei ◽  
Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is the most common chronic mental and behavioral disorder among children. We aimed to derive major dietary patterns in relation with ADHD through a case-control study. Method: Participants were selected from age-gender matched children and adolescents who were categorized into case (n = 120) and control groups (n = 240). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was used to diagnose ADHD. Food frequency questionnaire and principal component analysis were used to measure food intake and identify major dietary patterns, respectively. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified: Factor 1, with high loads of snack, fast foods, refined grains, and sweetened beverages was labeled “snack-fast food” dietary pattern. Factor 2, with high loadings of fish, low fat dairy, and legumes was tagged “fish-low fat dairy” dietary pattern. Factor 3, with high positive loads of yellow-red vegetables, other vegetables, pickles, and nuts, but high negative loadings for refined grain and sweets was named “vegetable-nuts” dietary pattern. The snack-fast food dietary pattern significantly increased odds of ADHD in fully adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.39-7.84; P for trend < 0.001). Fish and low fat dairy products dietary pattern is protectively associated with ADHD (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.91; P for trend = 0.02). Vegetable and nut dietary pattern showed no significant relation with possibility of ADHD (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.40-1.90; P for trend = 0.53). Conclusions: Children are suggested to reduce intake of snack and fast food dietary pattern and increase fish and low fat dairy products, and legumes to reduce the chance of ADHD.

scholarly journals Association of dietary patterns with depressive symptoms in Chinese postmenopausal women

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 1168-1174
Author(s):  
Kuan Liao ◽  
Yeqing Gu ◽  
Mingyue Liu ◽  
Jingzhu Fu ◽  
Xiaotong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Postmenopausal Women

AbstractMany components in diet have regulated oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction and even balance oestrogen levels. Because these factors are closely associated with depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women, it is considered that dietary factors are able to prevent and control depressive symptoms. On the other hand, a dietary pattern that considers the correlations and synergies between foods and nutrients is expected to have a greater impact on disease risk. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese postmenopausal women. A cross-sectional study of 2051 postmenopausal women (mean age: 58·8 (sd 7·4) years) was conducted in Tianjin, China. Dietary consumption was assessed by a valid self-administered FFQ. Principal component analysis was used to derive three major dietary patterns: ‘healthy’, ‘sweets’ and ‘traditional Tianjin’ from eighty-eight food items. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and cut-off point of 48 indicating serious depressive symptoms. The association between quartile of dietary patterns and depressive symptoms was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The multivariable-adjusted OR of having depressive symptoms for increasing quartile of dietary patterns were as follows: healthy, 1·00, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·49, 1·28), 0·62 (95 % CI 0·37, 1·04) and 0·57 (95 % CI 0·33, 0·97); sweets, 1·00, 0·75 (95 % CI 0·42, 1·3), 1·08 (95 % CI 0·64, 1·81) and 1·66 (95 % CI 1·03, 2·71); and traditional Tianjin, 1·00, 1·02 (95 % CI 0·58, 1·79), 0·96 (95 % CI 0·54, 1·71) and 2·53 (95 % CI 1·58, 4·16), respectively. The present study demonstrated that a healthy dietary pattern was inversely associated with depressive symptoms. On the contrary, greater adherence to sweets and traditional Tianjin dietary patterns was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms.

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