scholarly journals Misclassification of stunting, underweight and wasting in children 0–5 years of South Asian and Dutch descent: ethnic-specific v. WHO criteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2078-2087
Author(s):  
JA de Wilde ◽  
M Peters-Koning ◽  
BJC Middelkoop
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth References ◽  
Dutch Children

AbstractObjective:Several authors have questioned the suitability of WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) for all ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to identify potential misclassification of stunting, underweight and wasting in children of Surinamese Asian Indian, South Asian (Pakistan/India) and Dutch descent.Design:A series of routine cross-sectional measurements, collected 2012–2015. South Asian-specific normative growth references for weight-for-age and weight-for-length/height were constructed using the LMS method based on historic growth data of Surinamese Asian Indians born between 1974 and 1976. WHO-CGS and ethnic-specific references were applied to calculate z-scores and prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting.Setting:Youth HealthCare, providing periodical preventive health check-ups.Participants:11 935 children aged 0–5 years.Results:Considerable deviations from WHO-CGS were found, with higher-than-expected stunting rates, especially in the first 6 months of life. Surinamese Asian Indian children showed stunting rates up to 16·0 % and high underweight and wasting over the whole age range (up to 7·2 and 6·7 %, respectively). Dutch children consistently had mean WHO-CGS z-scores 0·3–0·5 sd above the WHO baseline (>6 months). The application of ethnic-specific references showed low rates for all studied indicators, although South Asian children were taller and larger than their Surinamese Asian Indian counterparts.Conclusions:WHO-CGS misclassify a considerable proportion of children from all ethnic groups as stunted in the first 6 months of life. Underweight and wasting are considerably overestimated in Surinamese Asian Indian children. Ethnic-specific growth references are recommended for Surinamese Asian Indian and Dutch children. The considerable differences found between South Asian subpopulations requires further research.

scholarly journals Association of Plasma Total Cysteine and Anthropometric Status in 6–30 Months Old Indian Children

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3146
Author(s):  
Catherine Schwinger ◽  
Ranadip Chowdhury ◽  
Shakun Sharma ◽  
Nita Bhandari ◽  
Sunita Taneja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Anthropometric Status ◽  
Height For Age

High-quality protein has been associated with child growth; however, the role of the amino acid cysteine remains unclear. The aim was to measure the extent to which plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentration is associated with anthropometric status in children aged 6–30 months living in New Delhi, India. The study was a prospective cohort study including 2102 children. We calculated Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), or weight-for-age (WAZ) according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. We used multiple regression models to estimate the association between tCys and the anthropometric indices. A high proportion of the children were categorized as malnourished at enrolment; 41% were stunted (HAZ ≤ −2), 19% were wasted (WHZ ≤ −2) and 42% underweight (WAZ ≤ −2). Plasma total cysteine (tCys) was significantly associated with HAZ, WHZ and WAZ after adjusting for relevant confounders (p < 0.001). Low tCys (≤25th percentile) was associated with a decrease of 0.28 Z-scores for HAZ, 0.10 Z-scores for WHZ, and 0.21 Z-scores for WAZ compared to being >25th percentile. In young Indian children from low-to-middle socioeconomic neighborhoods, a low plasma total cysteine concentration was associated with an increased risk of poor anthropometric status.

Effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic status on overweight and obesity in children 2–15 years of different ethnic groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A de Wilde ◽  
M Eilander ◽  
B J C Middelkoop
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dutch Children

Abstract Background Studies on the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic status (N-SES) on overweight and obesity rates in children from different ethnic backgrounds are scarce. This study investigated the differential effect of N-SES on overweight (including obesity) and obesity prevalence in different ethnic groups, and if N-SES explains ethnic differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Design A population based study of 109 766 body mass index (BMI) measurements of 86 209 children 2–15 years of Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan and South Asian descent. BMI class was determined with The International Obesity Task Force, and South Asian specific BMI cut-offs. WHO BMI criteria were applied for reference purposes. The effect of N-SES on prevalence rates was studied with generalized linear mixed models. Results Neighbourhood SES was negatively associated with overweight and obesity. However, the effect of N-SES on overweight was stronger in Dutch children (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.73–0.77) than in Turkish (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.82–0.90), Moroccan (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.97) and South Asian (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.96) children. The influence of N-SES on obesity showed a similar pattern, except for Moroccan children in whom obesity prevalence remained stable over the whole N-SES range. At the same N-SES, overweight and obesity prevalence was significantly higher in Turkish, Moroccan and especially South Asian children compared with Dutch children. Adjusting for N-SES attenuated the ethnic differences. Conclusions Neighbourhood SES was negatively associated with overweight and obesity rates in all ethnic groups, but only partly explained the ethnic differences in overweight and obesity prevalence.

scholarly journals Community Determinants of Physical Growth and Cognitive Development among Indian Children in Early Childhood: A Multivariate Multilevel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Jongho Heo ◽  
Aditi Krishna ◽  
Jessica M. Perkins ◽  
Hwa-young Lee ◽  
Jong-koo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Math Scores ◽  
Mathematics Test ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Individual

Inadequate child physical growth and cognitive development share common individual-level risk factors. Less understood is how outcomes co-cluster at the community level and to what extent certain community-level characteristics influence the clustering. This study aims to quantify the extent to which child growth and development co-occur across communities, and to identify community-level characteristics associated with the clustering of the two development dimensions. We used longitudinal data from 1824 children (aged 5 years) across 98 communities in Andhra Pradesh, India in round 2 (2006) of the Young Lives study, who were followed up 3 years later in round 3 (2009). A multivariate, multilevel statistical model was estimated wherein the responses were nested within individuals, and communities. We used z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-age, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and a mathematics test in 2009 as outcome variables. At the community level, we included compositional variables representing community characteristics while controlling for child socio-demographic characteristics at the individual level. At the community level, children’s physical growth and cognitive development were strongly correlated (coefficient: 0.55–0.76) and, even after controlling for individual-level covariables, a more pronounced correlation was shown at the community level than individual level correlation. Greater local healthcare resources were associated with better physical growth. More local programs run by government and NGOs/charities were associated with higher child language skills. Local social problems were inversely associated with math scores. Our study showed that physical growth and cognitive development tended to be clustered and co-occurred within communities as well as individual children.

scholarly journals Development of LMS and Z Score Growth References for Egyptian Children From Birth Up to 5 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. El Shafie ◽  
Fady M. El-Gendy ◽  
Dalia M. Allahony ◽  
Hossam H. Hegran ◽  
Zein A. Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth References ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: The Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) and Z score methods are important for assessment of growth and nutritional status. In Egypt, there is a lack of this tool for monitoring growth in preschool children.Objective: To develop LMS and Z score growth references for assessment of growth and nutritional status for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years.Methods: A total of 27,537 children [13,888 boys (50.4%) and 13,649 girls (49.6%)] from birth up to 5 years were included in a multistage cross sectional randomized study from different Egyptian geographic districts to create LMS and Z score references for weight, length/height, and body mass index corresponding to age in addition to weight for length/height. Healthy term infants and children, exclusive breast feeding for at least 4 months and not suffering from any chronic diseases were included in this study. Children with dysmorphic features, preterm infants, admitted in neonatal or pediatric intensive care units and having any chronic diseases (hematological, cardiac, hepatic, and renal) were excluded. In addition any health condition that affects child growth including nutritional disorders was also excluded. Un-paired t-test was calculated to compare the means of weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for-age z scores of the Egyptian and WHO reference values.Results: Through detailed tables and graphs, LMS and Z scores for weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for age of both sexes were represented. Our findings showed no statistically significant difference between reference charts of WHO and Egyptian Z score charts (P &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: This study provides the first reference for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years based on Z score tool for assessment the growth and nutritional status in various clinical conditions and research, also allows comparison with references of other countries.

scholarly journals Anthropometric cut-points for discriminating diabetes and the metabolic syndrome among Arabs and Asians: the Kuwait Diabetes Epidemiology Program

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Victor M. Oguoma ◽  
Neil T. Coffee ◽  
Saad Alsharrah ◽  
Mohamed Abu-Farha ◽  
Faisal H. Al-Refaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract This study aimed to determine anthropometric cut-points for screening diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Arab and South Asian ethnic groups in Kuwait and to compare the prevalence of the MetS based on the ethnic-specific waist circumference (WC) cut-point and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute WC criteria. The national population-based survey data set of diabetes and obesity in Kuwait adults aged 18–60 years was analysed. Age-adjusted logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to evaluate for 3589 individuals the utility of WC, waist:height ratio (WHtR) and BMI to discriminate both diabetes and ≥3 CVD risk factors. Areas under the ROC curve were similar for WC, WHtR and BMI. In Arab men, WC, WHtR and BMI cut-offs for diabetes were 106 cm, 0·55 and 28 kg/m2 and for ≥3 CVD risk factors, 97 cm, 0·55 and 28 kg/m2, respectively. In Arab women, cut-offs for diabetes were 107 cm, 0·65 and 33 kg/m2 and for ≥3 CVD risk factors, 93 cm, 0·60 and 30 kg/m2, respectively. WC cut-offs were higher for South Asian women than men. IDF-based WC cut-offs corresponded to a higher prevalence of the MetS across sex and ethnic groups, compared with Kuwait-specific cut-offs. Any of the assessed anthropometric indices can be used in screening of diabetes and ≥3 CVD risk factors in Kuwaiti Arab and Asian populations. ROC values were similar. The WC threshold for screening the MetS in Kuwaiti Arabs and South Asians is higher for women.

NovelABCC8(SUR1) Gene Mutations in Asian Indian Children with Congenital Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Jahnavi ◽  
Varadarajan Poovazhagi ◽  
Sekar Kanthimathi ◽  
Kandasamy Balamurugan ◽  
Dhanasekaran Bodhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Indian ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia ◽  
Indian Children

scholarly journals Sustained Positive Deviant Child Care Practices and Their Effects on Child Growth in Viet Nam

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Agnes Trinh Mackintosh ◽  
David R. Marsh ◽  
Dirk G. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Program Completion ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Nutrition Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Save the Children's (SC) successful integrated nutrition program in Viet Nam, the poverty alleviation and nutrition program (PANP), uses the positive deviance (PD) approach to identify key growth promoting behaviors and provides participatory adult education allowing mothers to develop skills related to these behaviors. We investigated whether improvements seen during a PANP intervention (1993–1995) were sustained three and four years after SC's departure. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to 46 randomly selected households in four communes that had previously participated in the PANP and 25 households in a neighboring comparison community in 1998 and 1999. Two children per household, an older child who had participated in the PANP and a younger sibling who had not, were measured (total n = 142 children), and their mothers were interviewed. Older SC children tended to be better nourished than their counterparts. Their younger siblings were significantly better nourished than those in the comparison group, with adjusted mean weight-for-age Z scores of −1.82 versus −2.45 ( p = .007), weight-for-height Z scores of −0.71 versus −1.45 ( p < .001), and height-for-age Z scores of −2.11 and −2.37 (ns, p = .4), respectively. SC mothers reporting feeding the younger siblings more than their counterparts did (2.9 versus 2.2 main meals per day, p < .001, and 96.2% versus 52% offering snacks, p < .01]. SC mothers reported washing their hands “often” more than comparison mothers (100% vs. 76%, p < .001). Growth-promoting behaviors identified through PD studies and practiced through neighborhood-based rehabilitation sessions persisted years after program completion. These sustained behaviors contributed to better growth of younger siblings never exposed to the program.

scholarly journals Differences in Body Composition Convey a Similar Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Different Ethnic Groups With Disparate Cardiometabolic Risk—The HELIUS Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen Zethof ◽  
Charlotte M. Mosterd ◽  
Didier Collard ◽  
Henrike Galenkamp ◽  
Charles Agyemang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
C Statistic ◽  
Helius Study

<b>Objective</b>: Studies have shown a disparate association between body composition and the risk of type 2 diabetes. We assessed whether associations between differences in body composition and type 2 diabetes vary among ethnic groups with disparate cardiometabolic risk. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>We used data from the HELIUS study, including individuals aged 18-70 of<b> </b>African Surinamese (n=3997), South-Asian Surinamese (n=2956), Turkish (n=3546), Moroccan (n=3850), Ghanaian (n=2271) and Dutch (n=4452) origin living in Amsterdam. Type 2 diabetes was defined using the World Health Organization criteria. Logistic regression was used to assess the relation between body composition and type 2 diabetes. Waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, BMI and body fat percentage by bio-electrical impedance were used to estimate body composition.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Per unit change in BMI only Ghanaian [OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.99)] and Moroccan [0.94 (0.89-0.99)] women had a smaller increase in type 2 diabetes per unit change in BMI compared to the Dutch population, while OR for body fat percentage were 0.94 (0.89-1.00) for Ghanaian, 0.93 (0.88-0.99) for Moroccan and 0.95 (0.90-1.00) for South-Asian Surinamese women. There was no interaction between WHR and ethnicity on the risk of type 2 diabetes, and there were no differences in men. WHR had the highest precision in predicting type 2 diabetes in both men (c-statistic=0.78) and women (c-statistic=0.81). </p> <b>Conclusions: </b>The<b> </b>association between differences in body composition and type 2 diabetes is roughly the same in all ethnic groups. WHR seems the most reliable and consistent predictor of type 2 diabetes regardless of ethnic background.<b> </b>

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence and determinants of six ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a population-based cross-sectional study, June-October 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Coyer ◽  
Anders Boyd ◽  
Janke Schinkel ◽  
Charles Agyemang ◽  
Henrike Galenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Small Children

AbstractBackgroundEthnic minorities have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, but little is known about ethnic differences in past exposure. We aimed to determine whether prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied between six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.MethodsParticipants aged 25-79 years enrolled in a population-based prospective cohort were randomly selected within ethnic groups and invited to test for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and answer COVID-19 related questions. We estimated prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure within ethnic groups using survey-weighted logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and calendar time.ResultsBetween June 24-October 9, 2020, we included 2497 participants. Adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was comparable between ethnic-Dutch (25/498; 5.5%, 95%CI=3.2-7.9), South-Asian Surinamese (22/451; 4.8%, 95%CI=2.1-7.5), African Surinamese (22/400; 8.2%, 95%CI=3.0-13.4), Turkish (30/408; 7.8%, 95%CI=4.3-11.2) and Moroccan (32/391; 7.0%, 95%CI=4.0-9.9) participants, but higher among Ghanaians (95/327; 26.5%, 95%CI=18.7-34.4). 57.1% of SARS-CoV-2-positive participants did not suspect or were unsure of being infected, which was lowest in African Surinamese (18.2%) and highest in Ghanaians (90.5%). Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied across ethnic groups, while the most common determinant was having a household member suspected of infection. In Ghanaians, seropositivity was associated with older age, larger household sizes, living with small children, leaving home to work and attending religious services.ConclusionsNo remarkable differences in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence were observed between the largest ethnic groups in Amsterdam after the first wave of infections. The higher infection seroprevalence observed among Ghanaians, which passed mostly unnoticed, warrants wider prevention efforts and opportunities for non-symptom-based testing.

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