Kant's Psychologism, Part I

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 41-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Waxman
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Philosophical Psychology ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
The Face

In this paper, I shall argue that the most moderate and balanced way to view Kant's transcendental philosophy is as a species of psychological investigation analogous to Hume's, but refounded on a doctrine of pure (a priori) sensibility, such as Hume never allowed himself (and may never even have thought of). This might seem to fly in the face of what many interpreters of Kant deem conventional wisdom: that the burden of proof is on one who claims that psychology is essential to transcendental philosophy. On this view, there is to be found in Kant ‘a more austere strictly transcendental philosophy’, which needs to be carefully distinguished from the psychological doctrines in which it is enmeshed; and they would insist on being convinced of the contrary before abandoning a position that, in their eyes, is the most moderate and balanced an interpreter of Kant can adopt. My purpose in this two-part essay is to urge them to think again. For while there can be no question of Kant's opposition to empiricism, it is equally certain that his praise for Hume was never freer or more unreserved than in respect of the latter's psycho-genetic approach to cognition. So, rather than supposing that Kant ipso facto rejected solutions to philosophical problems grounded on psychology when he rejected Hume's empiricism, it seems to me that the more moderate and balanced interpretive approach is to begin by supposing that Kant's transcendental philosophy is a species of philosophical psychology in the same mould as Hume's, differing from it only by virtue of involving a priori syntheses of a manifold of a priori intuition.

Emmanuel Levinas: Um estudo sobre a ética da alteridade

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimael Francisco do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Thought ◽  
Philosophical Criticism ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
First Philosophy

The general objective of this study is to analyze the postulate of the ethics of otherness as the first philosophy, presented by Emmanuel Levinas. It is a proposal that runs through Levinas' thinking from his theoretical foundations, to his philosophical criticism. Levinas' thought presents itself as a new thought, as a critique of ontology and transcendental philosophy. For him, the concern with knowledge and with being made the other to be forgotten, placing the other in totality. Levinas proposes the ethics of otherness as sensitivity to the other. The subject says here I am, making myself responsible for the other in an infinite way, in a transcendence without return to myself, becoming hostage to the other, as an irrefutable responsibility. The idea of the infinite, present in the face of the other, points to a responsibility whoever more assumes himself, the more one is responsible, until the substitution by other.

AsTAR: Sustainable Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things through Adaptive Task Scheduling

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Ashok Samraj Thangarajan ◽  
Gowri Sankar Ramachandran ◽  
Wouter Joosen ◽  
Danny Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Execution Rates ◽  
Hardware Platforms

Battery-free Internet-of-Things devices equipped with energy harvesting hold the promise of extended operational lifetime, reduced maintenance costs, and lower environmental impact. Despite this clear potential, it remains complex to develop applications that deliver sustainable operation in the face of variable energy availability and dynamic energy demands. This article aims to reduce this complexity by introducing AsTAR, an energy-aware task scheduler that automatically adapts task execution rates to match available environmental energy. AsTAR enables the developer to prioritize tasks based upon their importance, energy consumption, or a weighted combination thereof. In contrast to prior approaches, AsTAR is autonomous and self-adaptive, requiring no a priori modeling of the environment or hardware platforms. We evaluate AsTAR based on its capability to efficiently deliver sustainable operation for multiple tasks on heterogeneous platforms under dynamic environmental conditions. Our evaluation shows that (1) comparing to conventional approaches, AsTAR guarantees Sustainability by maintaining a user-defined optimum level of charge, and (2) AsTAR reacts quickly to environmental and platform changes, and achieves Efficiency by allocating all the surplus resources following the developer-specified task priorities. (3) Last, the benefits of AsTAR are achieved with minimal performance overhead in terms of memory, computation, and energy.

scholarly journals The Tantalus’ Torments of Transcendentalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Sergey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Complete System ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
German Edition ◽  
Opus Postumum ◽  
Corporeal Nature

Kant’s manuscripts of 1796–1803, which the Academic German edition of his works combined in 21–22 volumes of under the invented by H. Vaihinger name ‘Opus postumum’, still attract the attention of researchers. Was there really a significant theoretical “gap” in the system of Kant's “critical”, transcendental philosophy, which built by 1790, needed to be filled, namely, to undertake a conceptual "transition" from the already constructed a priori metaphysics of corporeal nature (metaphysical principles of natural science) to experimental mathematical physics, to the entire scientific empirical investigation of nature? In the last years of his life Kant tried to solve a problem that was really decisive for the fate of transcendentalism, which he had already realized in ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ and concretized in ‘Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science’, however he found himself in a hopeless situation, which doomed him to the “Tantalus’ torments”. The problem that he was constantly thinking about necessarily arises in the system of transcendental philosophy, but has no solution in it. ‘Opus postumum’ is an important piece of evidence on the insurmountable difficulties faced by the attempt to “save” philosophy as a perfect and complete system of absolutely reliable, "apodictic" science, based on the idea of universal and necessary conditions for the experience possibility.

scholarly journals Kritische Metaphysik oder Analytische Hermeneutik?

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
Anton Friedrich Koch
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Transcendental Deduction ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
General Logic ◽  
Time And Being ◽  
Hermeneutic Science ◽  
Invasive Intervention

Abstract Kant in his critical metaphysics, as one might call his transcendental philosophy, proceeds from the syncategorematic, subject-sided forms of thinking, which are revealed by general logic qua doctrine of the inferences of reason (i. e. syllogistics), and assigns to them one-to-one categorematic, object-sided forms of thinking: the categories qua pure, non-empirical predicates of things. Kant then shows in his transcendental deduction that the categories are objectively, – i. e. without our invasive intervention – valid of all things in space-time. In the present essay, philosophy is understood not so much as critical metaphysics in a narrow sense of “metaphysics”, but rather as the a priori hermeneutic science; and the transcendental deduction of the categories is replaced by arguments for (1) a readability thesis and (2) a theory of the a priori presuppositions of referencing things in space and time. The readability thesis states that things can be read (1) as world-sided primal tokens (ur-tokens) of proper names of themselves and also (2) as world-sided primal tokens (ur-tokens) of elementary propositions about them. The theory of the a priori presuppositions clarifies the conditions of the possibility of subjects orienting themselves in space and time and being able to refer, first, to themselves qua embodied thinkers and then as well to arbitrary individual items.

scholarly journals Silence Matters: A survey of the right to silence in the summary jurisdiction of New South Wales

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Eugene Schofield-Georgeson
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
The Relationship

There is a scant existing literature on the relationship between the right to silence and its effect on convictions in Australia and comparable jurisdictions. Existing research has downplayed its significance in the face of various ‘law and order’ interventions seeking to limit its operation. This study is one of the largest of its kind, surveying over 1,000 charges to empirically assess the frequency of use and the effects of silence rights (the right to silence, privilege against self-incrimination and burden of proof) on conviction, in relation to a particular set of charges laid against a specific group of marginalised defendants in the Local Court summary jurisdiction of NSW. Adding to the existing literature, this study shows empirically how silence rights operate within an Australian summary jurisdiction for a specific group of criminal defendants who are significantly socially marginalised. In the process, it demonstrates that the use of silence rights is significant for this group, mostly in non-regulatory criminal matters. In this respect, silence rights can be understood to correlate with rates of conviction, mitigation of criminal sentencing and the practice of charge-bargaining.

scholarly journals The face-to-face encounter in indigenous health care: a perspective in Lévinas

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (suppl 6) ◽  
pp. 2848-2853
Author(s):  
Diomedia Zacarias Teixeira ◽  
Nelson dos Santos Nunes ◽  
Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade Silva ◽  
Eliane Ramos Pereira ◽  
Vilza Handan
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Health ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Radical Alterity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
Reflective Study ◽  
Outpatient Settings

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the sensitive behaviors of indigenous healthcare professionals based on the philosophy of Emmanuel Lévinas, to ratify completeness, equity, and humanity. Method: reflective study. Reflection: Studies have identified inadequacies in meeting the indigenous singularities. In the hospital and outpatient settings, they are diluted in the search for care. The difficulty of the professionals to admit them generates conflicts and non-adherence of indigenous individuals to treatments that disregard their care practices. In Lévinas, consciousness requires, "a priori," sensitivity to access the Infinity on the Face of the Other, which in the face-to-face encounters is presented to the Self as radical Alterity, proposing an Ethical relationship through transcendence. The freedom of the Self as to the Other is finite, as the Self cannot possess the Other, and infinite for its responsibility for the Other. Final considerations: The Self builds essence and existence in responsibility. In the Ethics of Alterity, in Lévinas, reflections are proposed that influence sensitive behaviors.

scholarly journals The face is central to primate multicomponent signals

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget M. Waller ◽  
Eithne Kavanagh ◽  
Jerome Micheletta ◽  
Peter R. Clark ◽  
Jamie Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Multimodal Signals ◽  
Multicomponent Signal ◽  
Multicomponent Signals ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Components

AbstractA wealth of experimental and observational evidence suggests that faces have become increasingly important in the communication system of primates over evolutionary time and that both the static and moveable aspects of faces convey considerable information. Therefore, whenever there is a visual component to any multicomponent signal the face is potentially relevant. However, the role of the face is not always considered in primate multicomponent communication research. We review the literature and make a case for greater focus on the face going forward. We propose that the face can be overlooked for two main reasons: first, due to methodological difficulty. Examination of multicomponent signals in primates is difficult, so scientists tend to examine a limited number of signals in combination. Detailed examination of the subtle and dynamic components of facial signals is particularly hard to achieve in studies of primates. Second, due to a common assumption that the face contains “emotional” content. A priori categorisation of facial behavior as “emotional” ignores the potentially communicative and predictive information present in the face that might contribute to signals. In short, we argue that the face is central to multicomponent signals (and also many multimodal signals) and suggest future directions for investigating this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Hegel, Naturalism and Transcendental Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Daniel Herbert
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy

La intención de esta presentación es ofrecer una descripción del sistema filosófico de Hegel como condicionado a una síntesis del naturalismo y la filosofía trascendental, cuyas características generales serán elaboradas. A pesar de su reputación de larga data como sucesor crítico del proyecto idealista de Kant, la comprensión de Hegel de la relación dinámica entre filosofía y ciencia empírica no puede acomodarse fácilmente dentro de los horizontes formalistas del trascendentalismo kantiano. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, Hegel atribuye a la razón filosófica una función sintética que pocos naturalistas contemporáneos reconocerían. Como tal, la metodología de Hegel combina características de las persuasiones filosóficas a menudo consideradas fundamentalmente irreconciliables. Tal síntesis de naturalismo y filosofía trascendental es posible gracias al rechazo de Hegel de cualquier dicotomía kantiana entre una naturaleza animal heterónoma y una libertad racional autónoma, y su propuesta de que la mente o el espíritu se entiendan como la ‘verdad’ o la autorrealización de la naturaleza. en lugar de su antítesis. Para Hegel, entonces, la conformidad de la naturaleza con los principios racionales de unidad sintética no necesita explicarse como necesariamente condicionada a criterios a priori de inteligibilidad que se originan en un sujeto no natural. Más bien, sostiene Hegel, la naturaleza fundamenta la posibilidad ontológica de un Espíritu que fundamenta la posibilidad de la naturaleza, de modo que la naturaleza y el Espíritu se fundamentan mutuamente.

scholarly journals How Effective Is Spatial Planning for Cropland Protection? An Assessment Based on Land-Use Scenarios

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Silvia Tobias ◽  
Bronwyn Price
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scenario Modeling ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Land Use Scenarios ◽  
The Face

Spatial planning plays an important role in cropland protection, but its effectiveness is often questioned in the face of ongoing urban and infrastructure growth. Moreover, methods to assess the effectiveness of spatial planning are lacking. In Switzerland, the revision of the national spatial planning act in 2014 was a new starting point for stricter prescriptions on urban development. We assessed whether the new regulations would better protect dedicated prime cropland from conversion to urban areas using land-use suitability models and land-use scenarios. The findings show that with the planning according to the revised planning act, the potential consumption of prime cropland for new urban areas is six times smaller than that occurring through extrapolation of the observed trend in urban development over the past 25 years. However, scenario modeling suggests that, still, more prime cropland will be converted into urban areas than necessary, and that it may be difficult to protect prime cropland to the extent mandated by the Swiss prime cropland protection policy. We have developed an approach to a priori evaluate spatial planning measures. However, the strict implementation of these planning measures will be needed in order to maintain prime cropland to a level required for agricultural self-sufficiency and food security.

Effect of cognitive distortions caused by errors in information processing on decision-making by economic agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. GRECHKO ◽  
Larisa A. KOBINA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Distortions ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
The Face ◽  
Probability Information

Subject. This article examines the issues related to the cognitive potential of behavioral and institutional economics and irrationality in decision-making. Objectives. The article aims to develop an application toolkit to investigate the mechanism of cognitive biases influence on decision-making by economic agents. Methods. For the study, we used the prospect theory and expert survey techniques. Results. Based on the cognitive potential of interdisciplinary decision theory, the article proves that most economic agents in the face of incomplete information prefer individual information, rather than a priori probability information. Conclusions. The results of the study can be useful to create a tool to manage consumer choice.

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