Composition and processability of bovine milk from herds with different calving patterns

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Rennet Coagulation ◽  
Product Manufacture ◽  
Continuous Product

AbstractThe chemical composition and processing characteristics of milks from spring and autumn calving herds were investigated to establish if an autumn/winter milk supply would overcome the variation in composition and quality which is characteristic of a seasonal milk supply. Three herds of 26 cows were established with mean calving dates of 22 February, 28 September and a 50:50 combination of both. The experimental period was from 5 August to 22 December. Bulk milks were collected separately from each of the three herds at one consecutive am and pm milking each week. Spring and autumn milks were also bulked in proportions of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, respectively. All milks were analysed for gross composition, protein fractions, renneting properties (rennet coagulation time [RCT], rate of curd aggregation [K20] and curd firmness [A60]), free fatty acids (FFA) and somatic cell count (SCC). Total protein and casein of spring milk were reduced (P<0.001) from 38.1 and 28.7 g/kg, respectively in the period 14 October-24 November to 33.8 and 25.9 g/kg in the period 25 November-22 December. This was accompanied by a deterioration (minimum P<0.01) in RCT from 21.7 to 33.3 min, in K20 from 8.2 to 15.2 min and in A60 from 43.8 to 30.8 mm. Autumn milk had higher fat (P<0.01) and lactose (P<0.001) concentrations, lower FFA levels (P<0.001), improved (P<0.001) RCT, K20 and A60 values compared to spring milk in the period 25 November-22 December. During this period, the 70:30 milk had improved RCT (P<0.01) and K20 (P<0.05) values and reduced (P<0.01) FFA levels compared to spring milk. It is concluded that the composition and processing characteristics of spring milk deteriorated after 275 days in milk. Changes in total protein and casein were closely associated with changes in renneting properties. Blending of autumn milk with spring milk improved the processing characteristics of the mix compared to those of spring milk. Thus, the introduction of early lactation autumn milk at the end of the spring lactation would maintain good milk processability and allow continuous product manufacture.

Physical properties of mammary secretions in relation to chemical changes during transition from colostrum to milk

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte D Madsen ◽  
Morten D Rasmussen ◽  
Mette O Nielsen ◽  
Lars Wiking ◽  
Lotte B Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Rennet Coagulation ◽  
Physical And Chemical

We examined the physical and chemical changes in milk during early lactation, and how these changes were affected by leaving one quarter unmilked in either the first or second milking, with the purpose of discriminating between colostrum and normal milk. Milk samples were collected from each quarter of 17 cows during the first 5 d after calving and then after about 7 d and 14 d. Samples were analysed for somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, casein, lactose, IgG1, colour, plasmin, pH and coagulation properties. Large variations occurred in both chemical and physical properties throughout the study period. Within six milkings, the concentration of casein decreased by 60%, IgG1 by 94%, and lactose increased by 34%. At milking number 6, rennet coagulation time was lowest and curd firmness was highest. The pH increased from 6·4 to 6·7 over the period of the experiment, and the colour changed from yellow (reddish) to white. Coagulation properties and the pH fell within the range of normal milk after five milkings. Measurement of colour and density appeared to be a potential method for detection of milk unsuitable for the dairy factory. Effects of omitting one quarter in one milking differed between milk components, but seemed to be of little importance to the physical properties.

scholarly journals Coagulation Traits of Sheep and Goat Milk

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Pazzola
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Rennet Coagulation ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese ◽  
Predictive Formulas

Milk production from sheep and goat species is continuously growing worldwide, and its main use is for cheesemaking. Given that the final quality of cheese is linked to the traits of raw milk cheese yield at dairy plants, it is often calculated by using predictive formulas based on fat and protein content. Predictive formulas have been studied for bovine milk and are very effective but not appropriate for sheep and goat milk. Several methods, which simulate the actual coagulation processes, are available at the laboratories. This article reviews the available literature about rennet coagulation and cheese yield traits from sheep and goat milk and the methods used at the laboratory level. In general, if compared to cow milk, sheep and goat milk are characterized by shorter rennet coagulation times and a very limited amount of non-coagulating samples. Curd firmness of sheep milk is almost independent from the rennet coagulation time, and some coagulation traits can be predicted by infrared spectra. In addition, coagulation traits are characterized by appropriate values of heritability to be considered in selective breeding plans. With regard to goat milk, rennet coagulation time and cheese yield are strongly influenced by the breed effect.

scholarly journals Identification of Risk Factors for Lameness Detection with Help of Biosensors

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Gediminas Urbonavičius ◽  
Dovilė Malašauskienė ◽  
Mindaugas Televičius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Walking Activity ◽  
Protein Milk

In this study we hypothesized that the lameness of early lactation dairy cows would have an impact on inline biomarkers, such as rumination time (RT), milk fat (%), milk protein (%), milk fat/protein ratio (F/P), milk lactose (L, %), milk electrical conductivity of all udder quarters, body weight (BW), temperature of reticulorumen content (TRR), pH of reticulorumen content (pH), and walking activity (activity). All 30 lame cows (LCs) used in this experiment had a score of 3–4, identified according to the standard procedure of Sprecher et al.. The 30 healthy cows (HC) showed a lameness score of one. RT, milk fat, MY, milk protein, F/P, L, milk electrical conductivity of all udder quarters, and BW were registered using Lely Astronaut® A3 milking robots each time the cow was being milked. The TRR, cow activity, and pH of the contents of each cow’s reticulorumen were registered using specific smaXtec boluses. The study lasted a total of 28 days. Days “−14” to “−1” denote the days of the experimental period before the onset of clinical signs of lameness (day “0”), and days “1” to “13” indicate the period after the start of treatment. We found that from the ninth day before the diagnosis of laminitis until the end of our study, LCs had higher milk electrical conductivity in all udder quarters, and higher milk fat to protein ratios. On the 3rd day before the onset of clinical signs of the disease until the day of diagnosis, the milk fat of the LC group was reduced. The activity of the LCs decreased sharply from the second day to the first day after treatment. RT in the HC group tended to decrease during the experiment. pH in LCs also increased on the day of the appearance of clinical signs.

scholarly journals Quality of colostral passive immunity and pattern of serum protein fluctuation in newborn calves

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pauletti ◽  
Raul Machado Neto ◽  
Irineu Umberto Packer ◽  
Raul Dantas D'Arce ◽  
Rosana Bessi
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Level

Immunity acquired by newborn animals is known as passive immunity, and for ruminants, antibody acquisition depends on the ingestion and absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins from colostrum. This study relates different initial levels of acquired passive protection and serum total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum immunoglobulin concentration and total protein were evaluated for female Holstein calves in the first sixty days of life. Animals were separated into three groups according to their initial level of passive immunity: group 1- animals with a low level of passive immunity (below 20 mg mL-1); group 2- animals with a medium level (between 20 and 30 mg mL-1), and group 3- animals with a high level (above 30 mg mL-1). Serum total protein was determined through the biuret method and IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized, split-plot statistical design. Fluctuation of the variables along the experimental period was determined through non-linear regression by the DUD method (PROC NLIN - Non Linear SAS). Animals with low antibody acquisition started to produce antibodies earlier, reflecting a compensatory synthesis. On the other hand, animals having adequate levels exhibited an extended period of immunoglobulin catabolism and the beginning of the endogenous phase was delayed. Regardless initial levels, the fluctuations in IgG contents occurred around adequate physiological concentrations, ranging from 20 to 25 mg mL-1.

Production of hydrogen peroxide by a small molecular mass compound in milk from Holstein cows with high and low milk somatic cell count

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senkiti Sakai ◽  
Eriko Nonobe ◽  
Takahiro Satow ◽  
Kazuhiko Imakawa ◽  
Kentaro Nagaoka
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Mastitis is the most frequent and prevalent production disease in dairy herds in developed countries. Based on a milk somatic cell count (SCC) of either >300 000 or <200 000 cells/ml in this study, we defined the quarter as either inflamed or uninflamed, respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC) of milk was used as an indicator of udder epithelial cell damage. We determined the amount of H2O2produced by utilizing a small molecular weight compound in milk, and examined the characteristics of H2O2production and EC in milk from inflamed and uninflamed quarters. In cows with milk of delivery grade (control population), H2O2production and EC were 3·6±1·3 nmol/ml and 5·4±0·4 mS/cm (mean±sd), respectively. In 37 inflamed quarter milk samples, the production of H2O2was 1·9±1·0 nmol/ml and was significantly smaller than that in the control population (P<0·01). Production of H2O2was moderately but significantly correlated with EC (r<−0·71). In 20 cows with inflamed quarters, the production of H2O2in milk from inflamed quarters was significantly smaller than that in milk from uninflamed quarters (P<0·01). In 18 out of 20 cows, milk from inflamed quarters showed the smallest H2O2production among all tested quarters in each cow. We conclude that inflammation caused a decrease in H2O2production in milk. In this study, we present parameters for evaluating the lactoperoxidase/H2O2/thiocyanate antibacterial defence system in bovine milk.

Assessment of digestible lysine requirements in lipopolysaccharide-challenged pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Barcellos ◽  
Warley Júnior Alves ◽  
Pedro Riguetti Arnaut ◽  
Lucimauro Fonseca ◽  
Jorge Cunha Lima Muniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Lps Challenge

Abstract To evaluate the effect of an E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on the digestible lysine (Lys) requirement for growing pigs, a nitrogen (N) balance assay was performed. Seventy-two castrated male pigs [19 ± 1.49 kg body weight (BW)] were allocated in a 2 x 6 factorial design composed of two immune activation states (control and LPS-challenged) and 6 dietary treatments with N levels of 0.94, 1.69, 2.09, 3.04, 3.23 and 3.97% N, as fed, where Lys was limiting, with six replicates and one pig per unit. The challenge consisted of an initial LPS dose of 30 μg/kg BW via intramuscular (IM) injection and a subsequent dose of 33.6 μg/kg BW after 48 h. The experimental period lasted 11 days and was composed of a 7-day adaptation and a subsequent 4-day sampling period in which N intake (NI), N excretion (NEX) and N deposition (ND) were evaluated. Inflammatory mediators and rectal temperature were assessed during the 4-day collection period. A 3-way interaction (N levels × LPS challenge × time, P &lt; 0.05) for IgG was observed. Additionally, 2-way interactions (challenge × time, P &lt; 0.05) were verified for IgA, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, total protein, and rectal temperature; and (N levels × time, P &lt; 0.05) for transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, total protein and rectal temperature. LPS-challenged pigs showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) feed intake. A 2-way interaction (N levels × LPS challenge, P &lt; 0.05) was observed for NI, NEX and ND, with a clear dose-response (P &lt; 0.05). LPS-challenged pigs showed lower NI and ND at 2.09% N and 1.69 to 3.97% N (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, and higher NEX at 3.23% N (P &lt; 0.05). The parameters obtained by a nonlinear model (N maintenance requirement, NMR and theoretical maximum N deposition, NDmaxT) were 152.9 and 197.1 mg/BWkg  0.75/d for NMR, and 3,524.7 and 2,077.8 mg/BWkg  0.75/d for NDmaxT, for control and LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The estimated digestible Lys requirements were 1,994.83 and 949.16 mg/BWkg  0.75/d for control and LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The daily digestible Lys intakes required to achieve 0.68 and 0.54 times the NRmaxT value were 18.12 and 8.62 g/d, respectively, and the optimal dietary digestible Lys concentration may change depending on the feed intake levels. Based on the derived model parameters obtained in the N balance trial with lower cost and time, it was possible to differentiate the digestible Lys requirement for swine under challenging conditions.

Effect of feeding hay vs. silages of various types to dairy cows on feed intake, milk composition and coagulation properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Elisa Manzocchi ◽  
Werner Hengartner ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Katrin Giller
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Rennet Coagulation

AbstractThis research paper addresses the hypotheses (1) that milk produced from hay-fed cows differs from that of silage-fed cows and (2) that silage type has an important impact, too. Four diets differing in forage type but with equal estimated milk production potential and a forage:concentrate ratio of 0.85 : 0.15 were compared regarding their effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk properties. The forages tested were hay, grass silage, conventional short-chopped and long-chopped maize silage subjected to a novel processing technology (Shredlage®). Twenty-four dairy cows were fed two of the four diets in two consecutive runs in an incomplete (4 × 2) Latin-square design (n = 12 per diet). Each experimental period lasted 22 d, with 12 d of adaptation and 10 d of sampling. During sampling, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily, milk composition and coagulation properties were determined four times. The composition of the diet ingredients was analysed weekly. Data were analysed with a mixed model considering feed, period and their interaction as fixed effects. Stage of lactation, milk yield and milk composition from the pre-experimental period were used as covariates in the model. Dry matter intake was lower with the long-chopped processed maize silage compared to the other three groups. There were some diet differences in intakes of net energy for lactation and absorbable protein in the duodenum, but this did not result in changes in milk yield. The milk fat content was higher with the grassland-based diets compared to the maize silage diets. No treatment effect on milk acidity and rennet coagulation properties was observed. In conclusion, there were no indications for specific physico-chemical properties of milk from a hay-based diet, and maize processing technology was not of large effect either. Future investigations should focus on sensory differentiation of the milk produced with different forages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document