Attachment to stainless steel by Mir Space Station bacteria growing under modeled reduced gravity at varying nutrient concentrations

Biofilms ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Baker ◽  
L. G. Leff
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Water System ◽  
Planktonic Cell ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Reduced Gravity ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Cell Counts

Four bacterial isolates (Chryseobacterium sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and two Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates) originally isolated from the water system aboard the Mir Space Station were grown in two concentrations of nutrient broth under modeled reduced gravity using clinorotation. Sampling was performed over a 7 day period and planktonic cells were enumerated using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), while those attached to stainless steel were enumerated using the LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ kit and DAPI. On some of the sampling days for all the isolates, planktonic cell counts were higher under modeled reduced gravity as compared with the normal gravity controls. In contrast, the number of cells of P. fluorescens and one S. maltophilia isolate attached to the stainless steel disks was higher under modeled reduced gravity as compared with normal gravity, whereas no such differences were observed for Chryseobacterium sp. and the other S. maltophilia isolate. Differences in motility among isolates appeared to influence the growth of planktonic cells under modeled reduced gravity but did not appear to be related to biofilm formation.

Chlorine Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms and Relationship to Subtype, Cell Density, and Planktonic Cell Chlorine Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1292-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES P. FOLSOM ◽  
JOSEPH F. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Planktonic Cell ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Planktonic Culture

Strains of Listeria monocytogenes vary in their ability to produce biofilms. This research determined if cell density, planktonic chlorine resistance, or subtype are associated with the resistance of L. monocytogenes biofilms to chlorine. Thirteen strains of L. monocytogenes were selected for this research based on biofilm accumulation on stainless steel and rep-PCR subtyping. These strains were challenged with chlorine to determine the resistance of individual strains of L. monocytogenes. Planktonic cells were exposed to 20 to 80 ppm sodium hypochlorite in 20 ppm increments for 5 min in triplicate per replication, and the experiment was replicated three times. The number of tubes with surviving L. monocytogenes was recorded for each isolate at each level of chlorine. Biofilms of each strain were grown on stainless steel coupons. The biofilms were exposed 60 ppm of sodium hypochlorite. When in planktonic culture, four strains were able to survive exposure to 40 ppm of chlorine, whereas four strains were able to survive 80 ppm of chlorine in at least one of three tubes. The remaining five strains survived exposure to 60 ppm of chlorine. Biofilms of 11 strains survived exposure to 60 ppm of chlorine. No association of biofilm chlorine resistance and planktonic chlorine resistance was observed; however, biofilm chorine resistance was similar for strains of the same subtype. Biofilm cell density was not associated with chlorine resistance. In addition, biofilms that survived chlorine treatment exhibited different biofilm morphologies. These data suggest that chlorine resistance mechanisms of planktonic cells and biofilms differ, with planktonic chlorine resistance being more affected by inducible traits, and biofilm chlorine resistance being more affected by traits not determined in this study.

Biofilm Formation and Sporulation by Bacillus cereus on a Stainless Steel Surface and Subsequent Resistance of Vegetative Cells and Spores to Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, and a Peroxyacetic Acid–Based Sanitizer

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2614-2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEE-HOON RYU ◽  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Cell Counts

Biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus 038-2 on stainless steel coupons, sporulation in the biofilm as affected by nutrient availability, temperature, and relative humidity, and the resistance of vegetative cells and spores in biofilm to sanitizers were investigated. Total counts in biofilm formed on coupons immersed in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 12 and 22°C consisted of 99.94% of vegetative cells and 0.06% of spores. Coupons on which biofilm had formed were immersed in TSB or exposed to air with 100, 97, 93, or 85% relative humidity. Biofilm on coupons immersed in TSB at 12°C for an additional 6 days or 22°C for an additional 4 days contained 0.30 and 0.02% of spores, respectively, whereas biofilm exposed to air with 100 or 97% relative humidity at 22°C for 4 days contained 10 and 2.5% of spores, respectively. Sporulation did not occur in biofilm exposed to 93 or 85% relative humidity at 22°C. Treatment of biofilm on coupons that had been immersed in TSB at 22°C with chlorine (50 μg/ml), chlorine dioxide (50 μg/ml), and a peroxyacetic acid–based sanitizer (Tsunami 200, 40 μg/ml) for 5 min reduced total cell counts (vegetative cells plus spores) by 4.7, 3.0, and 3.8 log CFU per coupon, respectively; total cell counts in biofilm exposed to air with 100% relative humidity were reduced by 1.5, 2.4, and 1.1 log CFU per coupon, respectively, reflecting the presence of lower numbers of vegetative cells. Spores that survived treatment with chlorine dioxide had reduced resistance to heat. It is concluded that exposure of biofilm formed by B. cereus exposed to air at high relative humidity (≥97%) promotes the production of spores. Spores and, to a lesser extent, vegetative cells embedded in biofilm are protected against inactivation by sanitizers. Results provide new insights to developing strategies to achieve more effective sanitation programs to minimize risks associated with B. cereus in biofilm formed on food contact surfaces and on foods.

scholarly journals Biofilm Formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Stainless Steel: Effect of Exopolysaccharide and Curli Production on Its Resistance to Chlorine

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee-Hoon Ryu ◽  
Larry R. Beuchat
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Strain Atcc ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Population Sizes

ABSTRACT The resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains ATCC 43895-, 43895-EPS (an exopolysaccharide [EPS]-overproducing mutant), and ATCC 43895+ (a curli-producing mutant) to chlorine, a sanitizer commonly used in the food industry, was studied. Planktonic cells of strains 43895-EPS and/or ATCC 43895+ grown under conditions supporting EPS and curli production, respectively, showed the highest resistance to chlorine, indicating that EPS and curli afford protection. Planktonic cells (ca. 9 log10 CFU/ml) of all strains, however, were killed within 10 min by treatment with 50 μg of chlorine/ml. Significantly lower numbers of strain 43895-EPS, compared to those of strain ATCC 43895-, attached to stainless steel coupons, but the growth rate of strain 43895-EPS on coupons was not significantly different from that of strain ATCC 43895-, indicating that EPS production did not affect cell growth during biofilm formation. Curli production did not affect the initial attachment of cells to coupons but did enhance biofilm production. The resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to chlorine increased significantly as cells formed biofilm on coupons; strain ATCC 43895+ was the most resistant. Population sizes of strains ATCC 43895+ and ATCC 43895- in biofilm formed at 12�C were not significantly different, but cells of strain ATCC 43895+ showed significantly higher resistance than did cells of strain ATCC 43895-. These observations support the hypothesis that the production of EPS and curli increase the resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to chlorine.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli Biofilms Formed under Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity in a Ground-Based System

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 7701-7710 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Lynch ◽  
K. Mukundakrishnan ◽  
M. R. Benoit ◽  
P. S. Ayyaswamy ◽  
A. Matin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Modeled Microgravity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microcarrier Beads ◽  
Predicted Model ◽  
Low Shear

ABSTRACT Bacterial biofilms cause chronic diseases that are difficult to control. Since biofilm formation in space is well documented and planktonic cells become more resistant and virulent under modeled microgravity, it is important to determine the effect of this gravity condition on biofilms. Inclusion of glass microcarrier beads of appropriate dimensions and density with medium and inoculum, in vessels specially designed to permit ground-based investigations into aspects of low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG), facilitated these studies. Mathematical modeling of microcarrier behavior based on experimental conditions demonstrated that they satisfied the criteria for LSMMG conditions. Experimental observations confirmed that the microcarrier trajectory in the LSMMG vessel concurred with the predicted model. At 24 h, the LSMMG Escherichia coli biofilms were thicker than their normal-gravity counterparts and exhibited increased resistance to the general stressors salt and ethanol and to two antibiotics (penicillin and chloramphenicol). Biofilms of a mutant of E. coli, deficient in σs, were impaired in developing LSMMG-conferred resistance to the general stressors but not to the antibiotics, indicating two separate pathways of LSMMG-conferred resistance.

scholarly journals Risk Comparison of the Diarrheal and Emetic Type of Bacillus cereus in Tofu

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Jin Kwon ◽  
Chae Lim Lee ◽  
Ki Sun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Resistance To Heat

We investigated the ability of biofilm formation, survival, and behavior of diarrheal and emetic Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores in tofu. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus did not proliferate at a temperature below 9 °C in tofu. However, the emetic B. cereus grew faster than diarrheal B. cereus at 11 °C and had better survival ability at low temperatures. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus were able to form a biofilm on stainless steel. These biofilm cells were transferred to tofu in live state. The transferred biofilm cells could not grow at a temperature below 9 °C but grew over 11 °C, like planktonic cells. B. cereus contamination in tofu at a high concentration (>6 logs CFU/g) was not entirely killed by heating at 80, 85, or 90 °C for 2 h. Spores and emetic B. cereus had higher resistance to heat than vegetative cells and diarrheal B. cereus, respectively.

scholarly journals Biofilm formation by South African non-O157 Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli on stainless steel coupons

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel W. Bumunang ◽  
Collins N. Ateba ◽  
Kim Stanford ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Yan D. Niu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
South African ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Liquid Interface ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Air Liquid Interface

This study examined the biofilm-forming ability of six non-O157 Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains: O116:H21, wzx-Onovel5:H19, O129:H21, O129:H23, O26:H11, and O154:H10 on stainless steel coupons after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation at 22 °C and after 168 h at 10 °C. The results of crystal violet staining revealed that strains O129:H23 and O154:H10 were able to form biofilms on both the submerged surface and the air–liquid interface of coupons, whereas strains O116:H21, wzx-Onovel5:H19, O129:H21, and O26:H11 formed biofilm only at the air–liquid interface. Viable cell counts and scanning electron microscopy showed that biofilm formation increased (p < 0.05) over time. The biofilm-forming ability of non-O157 STEC was strongest (p < 0.05) at 22 °C after 48 h of incubation. The strongest biofilm former regardless of temperature was O129:H23. Generally, at 10 °C, weak to no biofilm was observed for isolates O154:H10, O116:H21, wzx-Onovel5:H19, O26:H11, and O129:H21 after 168 h. This study found that temperature affected the biofilm-forming ability of non-O157 STEC strains. Overall, our data indicate a high potential for biofilm formation by the isolates at 22 °C, suggesting that non-O157 STEC strains could colonize stainless steel within food-processing facilities. This could serve as a potential source of adulteration and promote the dissemination of these potential pathogens in food.

Biofilm formation on materials commonly used in household drinking water systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Morvay ◽  
M. Decun ◽  
M. Scurtu ◽  
C. Sala ◽  
A. Morar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Water System ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Biofilm Thickness ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

Biofilms are surface-associated bacterial communities that predominate in natural and pathogenic ecosystems. Their formation in drinking water systems creates potential risks for consumers’ health. Herein we tested biofilm formation on materials commonly used for indoor household drinking water systems (copper, PVC and stainless steel) simulating an average family water usage. Water parameters were determined by standardized methods while biofilm formation was assessed by epifluorescent and laser scanning confocal microscopy, for determining the numbers of attached cells, biofilm thickness, colony size and average colony surface. Results showed a very fast colonization on all materials used, of log 6–7 cm−2 cells disposed on a single layer on copper and PVC. On stainless steel, beginning on the 24th experimental day, there were observed multiple layers of cells and a rapid increase of biofilm thickness. The lowest overall number of attached cells was found on copper. Microorganism colonization and biofilm formation is possible and quite fast on an indoor water system connected to a chlorinated water network. From the tested materials, the greatest risk to consumer health comes from biofilm formation on stainless steel parts which are used in the very large majority of residences.

scholarly journals Inhibition of the Early Stage of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Biofilm Development on Stainless Steel by Cell-Free Supernatant of a Hafnia alvei Culture

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2018-2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos G. Chorianopoulos ◽  
Efstathios D. Giaouris ◽  
Yiannis Kourkoutas ◽  
George-John E. Nychas
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Hafnia Alvei ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Cell Free Culture Supernatant

ABSTRACT Compounds present in Hafnia alvei cell-free culture supernatant cumulatively negatively influence the early stage of biofilm development by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on stainless steel while they also reduce the overall metabolic activity of S. Enteritidis planktonic cells. Although acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) were detected among these compounds, the use of several synthetic AHLs was not able to affect the initial stage of biofilm formation by this pathogen.

scholarly journals Decreased biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis after short-term exposure to a simulated microgravity environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dapeng Wang ◽  
Po Bai ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Xiaolei Su ◽  
Xuege Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Background: Microbes threaten human health in space exploration. Studies have shown that P. mirabilis has been found in human space habitats. In addition, the biological characteristics of P. mirabilis in space have been studied unconditionally. The simulated microgravity environment provides a platform for understanding the changes in the biological characteristics of P. mirabilis. Objective: This study intends to explore the effect of simulated microgravity on P. mirabilis, the formation of P. mirabilis biofilm and its related mechanism. Methods: The strange deformable rods were cultured continuously for 14 days under the microgravity simulated by (HARVs) in a high- aspect ratio vessels. The morphology, growth rate, metabolism and biofilm formation of the strain were measured, and the phenotypic changes of P. mirabilis were evaluated. Transcriptome sequencing was used to detect differentially expressed genes under simulated microgravity and compared with phenotype. Results: The growth rate, metabolic ability and biofilm forming ability of P. mirabilis were lower than those of normal gravity culture under the condition of simulated microgravity. Further analysis showed that the decrease of growth rate, metabolic ability and biofilm forming ability may be caused by the down-regulation of related genes (pstS,sodB and fumC). Conclusion: It provides a certain reference for the prevention and treatment of P. mirabilis infection in the future space station by exploring the effect of simulated microgravity exposure on P. mirabilis.

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