Konjac Mannan Improves the Vitamin B-6 Status of Rats Fed a Vitamin B-6-deficient Diet

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayakawa ◽  
Iida ◽  
Tsuge
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Biological Criteria

To investigate how dietary fiber in the diet affects vitamin B-6 nutriture of rats which have been deprived of vitamin B-6, rats were made vitamin B-6-deficient by feeding a vitamin B-6-deficient 70% casein diet. They were fed 2% cellulose powder-based vitamin B-6-deficient diets supplemented with 3% of additional dietary fiber sources (agar, konjac mannan, pectin and cellulose powder) for subsequent 18 days. Vitamin B-6 status was evaluated according to several biological criteria (weight gain, urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid after tryptophan loading, plasma pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, apparent pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-saturation of liver kynureninase, urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and fecal output of vitamin B-6). Vitamin B-6 status evaluated by these criteria was considerably improved in the konjac mannan-fed group, when compared with the respective data of the vitamin B-6 supplemented group. The relative mean effect of the konjac mannan diet was about 40% of the vitamin B-6 supplemented diet. In conclusion, konjac mannan was effective for improving the vitamin B-6 nutritional state in vitamin B-6-deprived rats.

scholarly journals Tryptophan metabolism in vitamin B6-deficient mice

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bender ◽  
Eliud N. M. Njagi ◽  
Paul S. Danielian
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Deficient Mice

Vitamin B6 deficiency was induced in mice by maintenance for 4 weeks on a vitamin B6-free diet. Tryptophan metabolism was assessed by determining the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites, the metabolism of [14C]tryptophan in vivo and the formation of tryptophan and niacin metabolites by isolated hepatocytes. The vitamin B6-deficient animals excreted more xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine, and less of the niacin metabolites N1-methyl nicotinamide and methyl-2-pyridone-4-carboxamide, than did control animals maintained on the same diet supplemented with 5 mg vitamin B6/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of [14C]tryptophan, vitamin B6-deficient mice showed lower liberation of14CO2 from [methylene-14C]tryptophan and [U-14C]tryptophan than did controls, indicating impairment of kynureninase (EC 3.7.1.3) activity. There was no difference between the two groups of animals in the metabolism of [ring-2-14C]tryptophan. Hepatocytes isolated from the vitamin B6-deficient animals formed more 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid than did cells from control animals, but also formed more NADP and free niacin.

scholarly journals Production, absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
Late H. R. Marston
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. The efficiency of production and utilization of vitamin B12 was studied with sheep given a cobalt-deficient diet with and without supplementary Co (1 mg/d). Vitamin B12 to lignin ratios in rumen contents were used to estimate minimum rates of production and these were related to faecal and urinary excretion. Tissue distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 were studied with [58Co]cyanocobalamin and 5′-deoxyadenosyl[60Co]cobalamin.2. Labelled Co was rapidly sequestered by particulate material in the rumen and was largely excreted in the faeces. Most of the vitamin B12 in whole rumen contents was contained in micro-organisms, but was released on incubation at pH 2. Added cyanocobalamin was partly degraded in the rumen.3. The vitamin B12 to lignin ratio in rumen contents began to decline 1–3 d after cessation of a daily Co drench. Estimated ruminal production of vitamin B12 on full feed was not less than 400–700 μg/d with supplementary Co and 50–110 μg/d from the Co (0.01–0.05 μg/g dry weight) in the basal diet. Production of vitamin B12 appeared to be limited by food intake with or without additional Co.4. At full feed the efficiency of production of vitamin B12 from Co in the basal diet was about 13% while that from added Co was about 3%. Part of the vitamin B12 produced in the rumen was degraded before reaching the faeces and about 5% was absorbed. The minimum total requirements of sheep for vitamin B12 are assessed at about 11 μg/d.5. Injected 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin was better retained than injected cyanocobalamin, faecal excretion exceeded urinary excretion with both. Labelled cobalamin was selectively retained by liver (particularly by the mitochondria), kidneys and the walls of parts of the alimentary tract. Vitamin B12 was secreted into the duodenum and reabsorbed in the ileum, but little secretion occurred above the duodenum and little absorption below the small intestine.

scholarly journals Effect of acetoacetate on urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid and other tryptophan metabolites in rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Nath ◽  
N. V. Shastri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites

1. An experiment was performed to study the effect of sodium acetoacetate on urinary excretion of santhurenic acid and other tryptophan metabolites in male albino rats.2. Animals were fed on a nicotinic acid-deficient diet for a period of 3 weeks. The animals were then divided into two groups and, after the basal urinary excretion of the tryptophan metabolites had been estimated, the rats of both the groups were force-fed with L-tryptophan (100 mg per rat), the rats of the second group being simultaneously injected intraperitoncally with acetoacetate (200 mg/kg body-weight), and the urine samples during the following 24 h were collected and analysed.3. Acetoacetate-treated rats given tryptophan were found to excrete significantly greater amounts of kynurenine, hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid than the corresponding control rats. There was no ditference between the amounts of kynurenic acid excreted by the animals in the two groups.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary protein on ascorbic acid metabolism in rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipti Mukherjee ◽  
N. C. Kar ◽  
N. Sasmal ◽  
G. C. Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Maximal Weight ◽  
Gulonolactone Oxidase ◽  
Marked Decline

1. d-Glucuronolactone reductase, l-gulonolactone oxidase, uronolactonase, dehydroascorbatase, l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase have been measured in the tissues of rats fed on diets containing variable amounts of protein. Rats fed on a protein-free or a 2% casein diet for 15 days showed a marked decline in the activities of d-glucuronolactone reductase, l-gulonolactone oxidase, uronolactonase and dehydroascorbatase in the liver, and no change in l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase activities in the kidney when compared with rats fed on diets containing 9%, 18% or 25% casein. Giving diets containing 60% or 88% casein to rats did not appreciably alter the activities of uronolactonase, dehydroascorbatase, l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase, but inhibited considerably the activities of d-glucuronolactone reductase and l-gulonolactone oxidase in the liver, resulting in decreased synthesis of ascorbic acid. 2. Rats fed on a 25% casein diet showed maximal weight gain, higher tissue reserve of ascorbic acid and higher urinary excretion of both ascorbic acid and glucuronic acid when compared with rats fed on diets containing lower or higher amounts of protein.

Responses of young rats to an oral contraceptive fed with varying levels of pyridoxine

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 685-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce L. Beare-Rogers ◽  
C. G. Rogers ◽  
Z. I. Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Body Weights

The oral contraceptive preparation Enovid was fed to female rats with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 10 μg of pyridoxine per gram of diet. Except with the pyridoxine-deficient diet, the hormonal treatment produced lower body weights than were found in the corresponding pair-fed rats. Enovid did not appear to aggravate the condition of the pyridoxine-deficient animals. The elevated levels of urinary xanthurenic acid, inversely related to the dietary intake of pyridoxine, were depressed by the estrogen–progestogen preparation. Although Enovid did not alter the total amount of liver vitamin B6, it seemed to stimulate the alanine aminotransferase in the liver, and to elevate inconsistently that enzymic activity in erythrocytes. Aspartate aminotransferase in erythrocytes and liver appeared to be unaffected by the hormonal treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of acetoacetate administration on urinary and tissue vitamin B6 in rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-707
Author(s):  
M. C. Nath ◽  
N. V. Shastri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Tissue Vitamin ◽  
Daily Intraperitoneal Injection

1. Experiments were undertaken to study the effect of daily intraperitoneal injection of acetoacetate for 90 days on vitamin B6 status in male albino rats. The initial dose of acetoacetate was 50 mg per kg body-weight, which was increased by 50 mg per kg body-weight every 15 days.2. Urinary excretion of vitamin B6 was found to decrease after 30 days in acetoacetatetreated rats. After 75 days urinary values of vitamin B6 were considerably lower in such rats than in the corresponding control rats.3. When acetoacetate injections were stopped after 90 days and the rats were fed L-tryptophan (100mg per rat), they were found to excrete significantly greater amounts of urinary kynurenine, hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid than the corresponding controls.4. Blood and liver vitamin Be levels were found to be lower in rats treated with acetoacetate for 90 days than in the untreated rats.

Effects of cobalt deficiency in the pregnant ewe on neonatal lamb survival

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 169-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. J. Fisher ◽  
A. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Acid Status ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Skimmed Milk Powder

It has been suggested (Mills, 1981) that there was a lack of research on the effects of cobalt (Co) deficiency on the reproductive performance of sheep. Duncan, Morrison and Garton (1981) reported that clinically Co-deficient ewes produced fewer lambs with a higher incidence of stillbirths and neonatal mortalities than Co-sufficient animals. Garton, Duncan and Fell (1981) related these findings to the vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid status of dams. However, their investigations used few animals and were therefore inconclusive. The objectives of this work were to investigate the effects of subclinical Co deficiency in pregnant hill sheep on reproductive performance and neonatal lamb viability.Experiment 1 (1985/86) comprised 60 Scottish Blackface × Swaledale ewes, while experiment 2 (1986/87) included 30 of these animals plus 30 pure Scottish Blackface sheep. In both experiments the ewes were housed and bedded on sawdust and a Co-deficient diet of timothy hay, micronized maize, maize gluten, dibasic calcium phosphate and sodium chloride was offered. Skimmed milk powder was introduced to the diet during lactation. The Co content of the diet was 0.06 mg Co per kg dry matter.

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviva Fattal-Valevski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Korsakoff Syndrome ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
B Vitamin

Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin to have been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The thiamine-dependent enzymes are important for the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and for the production of reducing substances used in oxidant stress defenses, as well as for the synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. Thiamine plays a central role in cerebral metabolism. Its deficiency results in dry beriberi, a peripheral neuropathy, wet beriberi, a cardiomyopathy with edema and lactic acidosis, and Wernicke—Korsakoff syndrome, whose manifestations consist of nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia evolving into confusion, retrograde amnesia, cognitive impairment, and confabulation. Patients on a strict thiamine-deficient diet display a state of severe depletion within 18 days. The most common cause of thiamine deficiency in affluent countries is either alcoholism or malnutrition in nonalcoholic patients. Treatment by thiamine supplementation is beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and body image are associated with dietary under-reporting in pregnant Japanese women

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mie Shiraishi ◽  
Megumi Haruna ◽  
Masayo Matsuzaki ◽  
Ryoko Murayama ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Gestational Weight

AbstractDietary under-reporting is a common problem when using self-reported dietary assessment tools. However, there are few studies regarding under-reporting during pregnancy. This study aimed to explore the demographic and psychosocial characteristics related to dietary under-reporting in pregnant Japanese women. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2010 and 2011 at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Nutrient intake was assessed using a self-administered Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ), which had questions about the consumption frequency and portion size of selected food items. The 24-h urinary excretion levels of urea N and K were used as the dietary protein and K intake reference values, respectively. Under-reporting of protein and K was defined as the bottom 25 % of the reporting accuracy (the ratio of reported intake on the DHQ to the estimated intake based on urinary excretion). Under-reporters were defined as participants who under-reported both protein and K intake. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with under-reporters. Of 271 healthy women at 19–23 weeks of gestation, thirty-five participants (12·9 %) were identified as under-reporters. Under-reporters had a lower pre-pregnancy BMI (adjusted OR (AOR) = 0·81) and lower gestational weight gain (AOR = 0·82); they also reported managing their gestational weight gain with the aim to return to their pre-pregnancy weight soon after childbirth (AOR = 2·99). Healthcare professionals should consider the potential for dietary under-reporting and the possible related factors when assessing the dietary intakes of pregnant Japanese women using self-administered questionnaires.

EXCRETION OF 4(5)-AMINO-5(4)-IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE AND FORMIMINO-L-GLUTAMIC ACID IN FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENT RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1367-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. McGeer ◽  
N. P. Sen ◽  
D. A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Urocanic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Intraperitoneal Dose ◽  
Group A ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Deficient Group

The excretion of 4(5)-amino-5(4)-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC) in the urines of normal rats, rats raised on a folic acid deficient diet, and rats raised on a vitamin B12 deficient diet was measured. The AIC excretion was elevated 3-fold above normal in the B12 deficient group and 1.5-fold above normal in the folic acid deficient group.No evidence could be found that the raised AIC excretion was associated with a block in the conversion of AIC to purines. The recovery of radioactive AIC in the urine after an intraperitoneal dose of 2 μmoles AIC per kg was not increased over normal in any of the deficient groups, and was significantly less than normal in the B12-deficient group. Most of the urinary radioactivity in all groups was in allantoin, uric acid, and purines.When a load of 220 μmoles of AIC per kg was administered there was no difference between the vitamin B12 deficient and the normal groups in AIC recovery in the urine. When a load of 220 μmoles of urocanic acid per kg was administered, however, the B12-deficient group had an 18-fold increase over normal in Figlu excretion, and the folic acid deficient group a 17-fold increase. Thus, a substantial block in formimino-L-glutamic acid (Figlu) metabolism, but not in AIC metabolism, existed in the vitamin-deficient groups.Feeding a B12-deficient group a 2% methionine supplement reduced the Figlu excretion after a urocanic acid load to less than half that observed in B12-deficient groups without methionine supplementation, but had no influence on the AIC excretion.

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