Factors Influencing the Conversion of Carotenoids to Retinol: Bioavailability to Bioconversion to Bioefficacy

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Matrix Properties ◽  
Key Issues

Vitamin A (retinol) is a necessary nutrient for vision, reproduction, growth, and immune function. Pro-vitamin A carotenoids are an important source, especially in developing countries. While preformed vitamin A is readily available from foods, carotenoids are much more difficult to assimilate. A number of factors have been identified that either enhance or hinder the bioavailability of carotenoids. These have been presented in the literature and given the mnemonic SLAMENGHI by some researchers. The following factors are summarized: Species of carotenoid, molecular Linkage, Amount in the meal, Matrix properties, Effectors, Nutrient status, Genetics, Host specificity, and Interactions between factors. Identifying which of these are key issues for the general public, and promoting the increased consumption of fruits and vegetables with moderate and high levels of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, are important to vitamin A status and overall good health.

scholarly journals Iron Deficiency: The Problem and Approaches to its Solution

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive E. West
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Intractable Problem ◽  
Year 2000

Anaemia is associated with increased perinatal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, behavioural changes and impaired mental development, decreased work performance, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and impaired immune competence. Iron-deficiency anaemia is an intractable problem, as indicated by the goal set by world leaders of reducing nutritional anaemia to one-third of 1990 levels by the year 2000, compared with the goals of virtually eliminating deficiencies of vitamin A and of iodine during the same period. To a large extent, this is because intake is less associated with status for iron than for iodine and vitamin A. The demand for iron varies throughout the life cycle, and the bioavailability of iron varies over a wide range because of a number of factors, such as the species of iron compound, the molecular linkage, the amount of nutrient consumed in a meal, the matrix in which the nutrient is incorporated, the absorption modifiers, the nutrient status of the host, genetic factors, other host-related factors, and interactions among factors.

scholarly journals Vitamin A status in Cuban children aged 6–11 years

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Macías-Matos ◽  
Gisela Pita-Rodríguez ◽  
Pedro Monterrey-Gutiérrez ◽  
José Reboso-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Small Variety ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Plasma Retinol ◽  
Retinol Concentration

AbstractObjective and settingA nationwide study was performed in Cuba to assess vitamin A status and the intake of vitamin-A-providing foods in children aged 6–11 years.Design and subjectsThe sample comprised 1191 schoolchildren from first to sixth grade, both sexes, from municipalities randomly selected from the five eastern provinces of Cuba in 2002 (first semester) and from the four western and four central provinces in 2003 (first semester). A food-frequency questionnaire was completed by 2038 mother-and-child pairs.ResultsMean (±standard deviation) plasma retinol concentrations were 1.77 ± 0.48 μmol l−1in the western, 2.01 ± 0.56 μmol l−1in the central and 1.40 ± 0.41 μmol l−1in the eastern region. No child had plasma retinol concentration below 0.35 μmol l−1, indicative of a high risk of clinical deficiency. Subclinical deficiency, plasma retinol concentration of 0.35–0.7 μmol l−1, was seen in <2% of subjects in all three regions and was <5% even in the two provinces with the worst vitamin A status (Guantánamo, 4.6%; Las Tunas, 3.0%). Adequate status (>1.05 μmol l−1) was present in >90% of subjects in all western and central provinces, and in one of the eastern provinces (Holguín), whereas in the four remaining eastern provinces, adequate status was present in >75%. Only nine fruits and vegetables were consumed frequently (>3 times per week) by >50% of children. Thirty-seven per cent regularly consumed a supplement containing vitamin A.ConclusionsMost Cuban children aged 6–11 years had adequate vitamin A status. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin and provitamin A, especially vegetables, was frequent but limited to a small variety of foods.

scholarly journals Vitamin A and Breast-Feeding: A Comparison of Data from Developed and Developing Countries

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Newman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Sufficient Vitamin ◽  
Liver Storage

The vitamin A status of lactating women, its effect on the vitamin A content of human milk, and the adequacy of human milk as a source of vitamin A for the infant were assessed, comparing data from developing countries with those from developed countries. The vitamin A concentration in breast milk during the first two weeks of lactation is nearly double that at one month. It is even higher in preterm milk than in term milk during the first several months. Human milk alone provides sufficient vitamin A to prevent clinical deficiency throughout the first 12 months of life, even in presumably more poorly nourished populations in developing countries. However, it is not sufficient to allow liver storage after about six months of lactation.

Drought feeding of cattle. I. Comparison of hay-grain and all-grain rations: with observations on vitamin A status

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Southcott ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Vitamin A Status

Yearling Hereford steers in store condition (average weight 585 lb) were fed whole wheat grain, or equal parts whole wheat grain and cereal hay, each diet supplying an estimated 2 lb of starch equivalent per head per day. After the different rations had been fed for 20 weeks, followed by hay-grain rations for 1 week to equalize gastro-intestinal fill, the cattle fed an all-grain ration had lost an average of 1.03 lb per day and those fed a hay-grain ration had lost 0.84 lb per day. The final difference in weight was not significant. All cattle remained in good health. Serum vitamin A levels declined during the experiment to subnormal levels, particularly in the all-grain group, but clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency ware not evident. Coprophagia, hair chewing, and biting of woodwork were observed, particularly in the all-grain group. It is concluded that all-grain rations may be satisfactorily used for drought feeding of cattle.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Vitamin A Intake and Programmes to Improve Vitamin A Status

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Johns ◽  
S. L. Booth ◽  
H. V. Kuhnlein
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vitamin A Status

Research Recommendations for Applying Vitamin A-Labelled Isotope Dilution Techniques to Improve Human Vitamin A Nutrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
Janet R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Total Body

The current use of serum retinol concentrations as a measurement of subclinical vitamin A deficiency is unsatisfactory for many reasons. The best technique available for vitamin A status assessment in humans is the measurement of total body pool size. Pool size is measured by the administration of retinol labelled with stable isotopes of carbon or hydrogen that are safe for human subjects, with subsequent measurement of the dilution of the labelled retinol within the body pool. However, the isotope techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging, and relatively expensive. There is also a need to assess different types of tracers and doses, and to establish clear guidelines for the use and interpretation of this method in different populations. Field-friendly improvements are desirable to encourage the application of this technique in developing countries where the need is greatest for monitoring the risk of vitamin A deficiency, the effectiveness of public health interventions, and the potential of hypervitaminosis due to combined supplement and fortification programs. These techniques should be applied to validate other less technical methods of assessing vitamin A deficiency. Another area of public health relevance for this technique is to understand the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, and its relation to existing vitamin A status, for future dietary diversification programs.

Stock Market Prediction using Data Mining Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 310-313
Author(s):  
Karunesh Makker ◽  
Prince Patel ◽  
Hrishikesh Roy ◽  
Sonali Borse
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Deterministic System ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Robust Prediction

Stock market is a very volatile in-deterministic system with vast number of factors influencing the direction of trend on varying scales and multiple layers. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) states that the market is unbeatable. This makes predicting the uptrend or downtrend a very challenging task. This research aims to combine multiple existing techniques into a much more robust prediction model which can handle various scenarios in which investment can be beneficial. Existing techniques like sentiment analysis or neural network techniques can be too narrow in their approach and can lead to erroneous outcomes for varying scenarios. By combing both techniques, this prediction model can provide more accurate and flexible recommendations. Embedding Technical indicators will guide the investor to minimize the risk and reap better returns.

ROLE OF RETINOL AND TOCOPHEROL IN COMBATING SMOG CAUSED ILLNESS AMONG YOUNG WOMAN

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bisma Laeeque
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Good Health Condition

Retinol and Tocopherol are commonly known as fat soluble Vitamin A and D. This research was undertaken with the objective to study Vitamin A and D’s effect in combating smog caused illness among females. This case report highlights diseases caused among young woman of Lahore due to smog. Hypothesis formulated for this study was accepted after testing that intake of daily-recommended amount of Vitamin A and D by females helps them in fighting diseases caused by smog. An intervention based on Food and Nutrition Board’s Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) was planned. After the analysis of data by SPSS and excel, it was indicated that women could fight smog caused diseases better by including Vitamin A and D in their daily diet. It was also found that a strong positive correlation existed between good health condition among females and intake of Vitamin A and D.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Daily Oral Low-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation on the Mother–Infant Pair: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial in China

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2370
Author(s):  
Ye Ding ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Fangping Xu ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Background: The nutritional status of vitamin A in lactating mothers and infants is still not optimistic. Due to the dietary habits and dietary restrictions of postpartum customs in China, vitamin A supplementation has been advocated as a potential strategy to improve vitamin A status of lactating mothers with inadequate dietary vitamin A intake. Existing clinical trials are limited to single or double high-dose maternal administrations. However, in China, vitamin A supplements are readily available in the form of daily oral low-dose supplements, and the effect of these is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily oral low-dose vitamin A supplementation on the retinol levels in the serum and breast milk of lactating mothers and the health status of infants in China. Methods: Lactating mothers who met the inclusion criteria and planned to continue exclusive breastfeeding were randomly assigned to receive either daily oral vitamin A and D drops (one soft capsule of 1800 IU vitamin A and 600 IU vitamin D2), or a matching placebo for 2 months. Before and after the intervention, dietary intake was investigated by instant photography, and the retinol concentration in maternal serum and breast milk was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During the trial, the health status of infants was diagnosed by a paediatrician or reported by lactating mothers. A total of 245 participants completed the study, with 117 in the supplementation group and 128 in the control group. Results: After the 2-month intervention, maternal serum retinol concentrations increased in the supplementation group with no change in the control group. Although breast milk retinol concentrations decreased significantly in both groups, the decrease in the supplementation group was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, maternal vitamin A supplementation was not associated with a lower risk of infant febrile illness, respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, and eczema. Conclusions: Daily oral low-dose vitamin A supplementation is helpful in improving maternal vitamin A status, despite having no effect on infant health status through breast milk.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the migration intention of dental and medical graduates in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hajian ◽  
M H Khoshnevisan ◽  
S h Yazdani ◽  
M P Jadidfard
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Migration Decisions ◽  
Push And Pull

Abstract Background Migration of skilled health workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in source countries. To date, most of relevant papers are focused on rate and reasons of migration while the need for conducting studies on modelling of factors is more vividly felt. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from developing countries and to introduce a practical conceptual framework for health worker migration. Methods Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant Journals were systematically searched for English language publications from January 2009 to April 2019. The inclusion criteria were: 1) article stated factors affecting migration decisions of medical doctors and/or dentists, 2) the source country in the study was a developing country, 3) participants’ primary qualification country was in a developing country,4) the study used primary data both qualitative or quantitative. Results The search identified 814 articles from which we included 23 full-text studies after applying eligibility checklist. Push and pull theory was the most popular model to describe the migration driving factors. Poor socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family concerns found as strong common push factors that perpetuate migration. The most influencing pull factors were desire for better quality of life, career and training opportunities and financial gain. Conclusions Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their own countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for migration Which should be considered before weighing up the push and pull factors of both sides. Key messages A better understanding of the migration motives of health professionals will help health authorities to improve their workforce recruitment and retention strategies and health service planning. Our simple yet comprehensive framework can mainly identify the development of migration desire through combining different models and concepts of migration, behavioral change, values, needs and so on.

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