Choice, Accountability, and Effortful Processing in Escalation Situations

2008 ◽  
Vol 216 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Georg Wolff ◽  
Klaus Moser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Escalation Of Commitment ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Effortful Processing

Many studies on escalation of commitment observe only a single decision following negative feedback, although theoretical approaches to escalation behavior depict escalation as a progression over time. The present paper builds on Brockner and Rubin’s (1985 ) “tunnel vision” account that suggests a distinction between early and late stages of the escalation process. We used a dynamic paradigm, observing repeated decisions following negative feedback and manipulated choice and accountability in order to examine effects of justification on the progression of escalation behavior. Furthermore, reading times are used as a measure of effortful processing to investigate the mediating cognitive processes that lead to escalation behavior. Results show that the combination of choice with accountability leads to escalation behavior at later stages of the escalation process and that effortful processing mediates this interaction of choice, accountability, and escalation behavior.

Process Accountability as a De-Escalation Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Klaus Moser ◽  
Hans-Georg Wolff ◽  
Roman Soucek
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Escalation Of Commitment ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Performance Problems ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Biased Information

Abstract. Escalation of commitment occurs when a course of action is continued despite repeated drawbacks (e.g., maintaining an employment relationship despite severe performance problems). We analyze process accountability (PA) as a de-escalation technique that helps to discontinue a failing course of action and show how time moderates both the behavioral and cognitive processes involved: (1) Because sound decisions should be based on (hopefully unbiased) information search, which requires time to gather, the effect of PA on de-escalation increases over time. (2) Because continuing information search creates behavioral commitment, the debiasing effect of PA on information search diminishes over time. (3) Consistent with the tunnel vision notion, the effects of less biased information search on de-escalation decrease over time.

EŞİTMƏ QÜSURLU UŞAQLARDA SƏS TƏLƏFFÜZÜ POZULMALARINI ARADAN QALDIRMAQ ÜÇÜN MUSİQİLİ RİTMİK VASİTƏLƏRDƏN İSTİFADƏ

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 136-138
Author(s):  
Bahar Aliosat Mustafayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Auditory Analyzer ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Large Motor ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Over Time

One of the most relevant methods used in the rehabilitation of hearing-impaired children and for the development of speech is music-rhythm. In any games based on music-rhythm, it is possible to stimulate several areas, such as speech, motor, cognitive processes. Composing tasks in the form of role-playing games appropriate to the age characteristics of children increases its effectiveness. Music primarily affects the auditory analyzer in children, helps to increase auditory attention in children with dementia. Thus, the child perceives sounds better over time and develops the ability to differentiate them. Improved hearing allows children to understand the speech of adults better. Over time, it accelerates the process of sound imitation, allows the child to pronounce the initial sounds and syllables. Musical-rhythmic is based on the combination of sounds with movements, which leads to the improvement of children's motor skills. It helps to develop small and large motor skills, rhythm and coordination abilities during tasks. Key words: hearing, speech, game, music, exercise, child

scholarly journals Impact of Baseline BMI upon the Success of Latina Participants Enrolled in a 6-Month Physical Activity Intervention

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri J. Hartman ◽  
Shira I. Dunsiger ◽  
Dori W. Pekmezi ◽  
Brooke Barbera ◽  
Charles J. Neighbors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Family Social Support ◽  
Longitudinal Regression ◽  
Baseline Bmi ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

High rates of obesity in Latinas highlight the need to determine if physical activity interventions are equally effective across the body mass index (BMI) range. Thus, this study assessed how BMI impacts success of Spanish-speaking Latinas in a culturally and linguistically adapted theory-based physical activity intervention (). Longitudinal regression models tested the relationship between baseline BMI and outcomes. Overall, a trend for a negative association was found between baseline BMI and self-reported physical activity and theoretical constructs targeted by the intervention over time. For example, someone with a 25 kg/m2BMI would report, on average, 27.5 more minutes/week of activity compared to someone with a 30 kg/m2BMI at followup. Furthermore, higher baseline BMI was significantly associated with lower self-efficacy, behavioral and cognitive processes of change, and family social support over time. These findings suggest that participants with higher BMI may need additional intervention to promote physical activity.

Residue: The privilege of spatiality in the puzzle film

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Zachary Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
Production History ◽  
Christopher Nolan ◽  
Narrative Techniques ◽  
Production Crew ◽  
Over Time

Typical discourses around the puzzle film ‐ a genre that typically eschews classic storytelling for more complex narrative techniques, such as entangled secondary/tertiary plotlines, and characters with mental or psychological instability ‐ often privilege the manipulation of the film’s temporality and narratology. However, in this article, I perform a close textual analysis of the mise en scène of Inception by Christopher Nolan (2010) and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) by Michel Gondry to demonstrate how these puzzle films privilege spatiality over time and plot to depict cognitive processes associated with mental and psychological instability, thereby bringing attention to an underrepresented attribute of the genre. I focus on the influence of surrealism on mise en scène, as surrealist art and cinema manipulate space to explore the psyche. I also draw on these films’ production history to show how the filmmakers, production crew and actors understood approaches to space as a cognitive process.

6. The European Parliament:

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-148
Author(s):  
Ariadna Ripoll Servent ◽  
Olivier Costa
Keyword(s):  
European Parliament ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Over Time

The European Parliament (EP) symbolizes many of the struggles that characterize the process of European integration and is at the core of many theoretical and empirical debates about representation, accountability, and legitimacy. This chapter draws on a variety of theoretical approaches to explain the complex role the EP plays in the political system of the European Union (EU). It starts with a brief overview of the history and functions of the assembly, followed by a theoretical explanation of its empowerment over time. Then, it determines the extent to which the EP is capable of influencing policymaking, both in legislative and non-legislative domains, as well as for the appointment of the Commission. It presents the political structure of the assembly and underlines the role of parliamentary groups and committees. It discusses the representativeness of the EP and the democratic quality of its internal functioning. Finally, it addresses current and future challenges for the EP.

Assisting Cognitive Recall and Contextual Reuse by Creating a Self-Describing, Shareable Multimedia Object

2011 ◽  
pp. 50-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Verhaart ◽  
Kinshuk
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Multiple Representations ◽  
Multimedia Object ◽  
Metadata File ◽  
Digital Asset ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Over Time

Digital media elements, or digital assets, are used to illustrate things such as images, sounds, or events. As humans, we use many senses to assist our cognitive processes, and providing multiple representations will enhance our ability to store, recall, and synthesise the knowledge and information contained in the digital asset. This chapter introduces a model for a multimedia object, that allows multiple representations to be managed, and includes a structured metadata file describing the asset that captures the original context. Humans are capable of classifying and describing millions of such objects, but recalling context and content often blurs over time. Computer systems provide us with a way to store electronic objects, and with a variety of representations and sufficient metadata they can be used to assist cognitive recall.

Bidirectional Relationships Between Stress, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Vulnerabilities in Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julen Alba ◽  
Esther Calvete
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schema ◽  
Predictive Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Depression is a highly prevalent problem in adolescence, with great clinical and social relevance. Recent models of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence underscore that the relationships between stress, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms are bidirectional. In addition, according to cognitive therapy models, cognitive vulnerabilities are organized hierarchically, with deep schemas guiding more superficial cognitive processes such as rumination. The present study examines the longitudinal predictive relationships between two levels of cognitions (early maladaptive schemas and rumination), stressors, and depression. Method: A sample of 584 Spanish adolescents (262 girls; mean age = 15.99, SD = 1.10) completed measures of depression, stressors, rumination, and three early maladaptive schema domains (disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and other-directedness) over 4 intervals of 4 months. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results: Disconnection and rejection domain systematically predicted an increase in depression, new stressors, and rumination over time. In addition, depressive symptoms predicted an increase of disconnection/rejection scores at all time points. Finally, from Time 2 on, stressors predicted an increase in all schema domains. Discussion: The outcomes suggest the importance of the disconnection and rejection schema domain. These results are important to understand the mechanisms underlying stress and depression in adolescents.

Research

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vallerand ◽  
Gaëtan F. Losier
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Male Adolescent ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The motives underlying involvement in sport appear to influence how a person will play the game. However, how athletes play the game may also have an impact on their motives for participating in sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-determined motivation and sportsmanship orientations by using a longitudinal design, as well as recent theoretical approaches to sportsmanship (Vallerand, 1991, 1994) and motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1991). Male adolescent elite hockey players (N = 77, mean age = 15.8) completed a questionnaire assessing both constructs 2 weeks into the hockey season (T1) and at the end of the regular season (T2), 5 months later. The results from cross-lag correlations suggested that, over time, self-determined motivation and sportsmanship orientations have a positive bidirectional relation, in which self-determined motivation has greater influence on sportsmanship. These results give further impetus to the need to consider motivation in future studies on sportsmanship.

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