Alpha Brain Oscillations and Inhibitory Control

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Schmiedt-Fehr ◽  
Birgit Mathes ◽  
Canan Basar-Eroglu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Coherence ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Topographical Distribution

A major challenge for developmental cognitive neuroscience is to understand how changes in cognitive functions related to aging are associated with changes in the neuronal information processing architecture. Previous studies on EEG event-related brain oscillations suggest functional changes in alpha-bands with age during sensory and memory tasks. Specifically, the topographical distribution of both single-trial lower and upper alpha magnitude and the corresponding phase coherence is altered in elderly persons. Thus, alpha oscillations, associated not only with sensory, but also with sensorimotor functions, may be altered with age. Compensatory mechanisms, possibly reflected in increased frontal alpha synchronization, may thereby be of profound relevance. The present study investigates age-related differences in the modulation of alpha oscillatory activity related to sensory and sensorimotor functions, including response preparation, execution, and inhibition. EEG was recorded while 10 young and 10 elderly persons performed a visual evoked potential (VEP), a cued stimulus response (S-R), and a cued visual Go/NoGo task. Early event-related synchronization (ERS, 0–250 ms) and late event-related desynchronization (ERD, 200–600 ms) of single-trial lower and upper alpha was analyzed using poststimulus amplitude enhancement and intertrial phase coherence measures. The results show comparable modulations of lower (8–10 Hz) and upper (10–15 Hz) alpha activity in young and elderly related to the sensory and different forms of motor response processing. Specifically, reduced early lower alpha ERS as well as late upper alpha ERD at central locations characterized response inhibition processing in both age groups. We discuss the counterintuitive hypothesis that reduced efficacy of some basal neural inhibitory mechanisms enables older observers to perform better than or comparable to younger observers on some visual tasks, and conclude that alterations in alpha oscillatory networks with age may depend on the stimuli applied.

scholarly journals A new foreperiod effect on single-trial phase coherence. Part I: existence and relevance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Rapela ◽  
Marissa Westerfield ◽  
Jeanne Townsend ◽  
Scott Makeig
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Phase Coherence ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Foreperiod Duration ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Trial Phase

AbstractExpecting events in time leads to more efficient behavior. A remarkable early finding in the study of temporal expectancy is the foreperiod effect on reaction times; i.e., the fact that the time period between a warning signal and an impendent stimuli, to which subjects are instructed to respond as quickly as possible, influences reaction times. Recently it has been shown that the phase of oscillatory activity preceding stimulus presentation is related to behavior. Here we connect both of these findings by reporting a novel foreperiod effect on the inter-trial phase coherence triggered by a stimulus to which subjects do not respond. Until now, inter-trial phase coherence has been used to describe a regularity in the phases of groups of trials. We propose a single-trial measure of inter-trial phase coherence and prove its soundness. Equipped with this measure, and using a multivariate decoding method, we demonstrate that the foreperiod duration modulates single-trial phase coherence. In principle, this modulation could be an artifact due to the decoding method used to detect it. We show that this is not the case, since the modulation can also be observed with a very simple averaging method. Although real, the single-trial modulation of inter-trial phase coherence by the foreperiod duration could just reflect a nuisance in our data. We argue against this possibility by showing that the strength of the modulation correlates with subjects’ behavioral measures, both error rates and mean-reaction times. We anticipate that the new foreperiod effect on inter-trial phase coherence, and the decoding method used here to detect it, will be important tools to understand cognition at the single-trial level. In Part II of this manuscript, we support this claim, by showing that attention modulates the strength of the new foreperiod effect in a trial-by-trial basis.

scholarly journals Genome-Protecting Compounds as Potential Geroprotectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4484
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Proshkina ◽  
Mikhail Shaposhnikov ◽  
Alexey Moskalev
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Dna Damages ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Detoxification Systems ◽  
Genome Protection

Throughout life, organisms are exposed to various exogenous and endogenous factors that cause DNA damages and somatic mutations provoking genomic instability. At a young age, compensatory mechanisms of genome protection are activated to prevent phenotypic and functional changes. However, the increasing stress and age-related deterioration in the functioning of these mechanisms result in damage accumulation, overcoming the functional threshold. This leads to aging and the development of age-related diseases. There are several ways to counteract these changes: (1) prevention of DNA damage through stimulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems, as well as transition metal chelation; (2) regulation of DNA methylation, chromatin structure, non-coding RNA activity and prevention of nuclear architecture alterations; (3) improving DNA damage response and repair; (4) selective removal of damaged non-functional and senescent cells. In the article, we have reviewed data about the effects of various trace elements, vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, and other phytochemicals, as well as a number of synthetic pharmacological substances in these ways. Most of the compounds demonstrate the geroprotective potential and increase the lifespan in model organisms. However, their genome-protecting effects are non-selective and often are conditioned by hormesis. Consequently, the development of selective drugs targeting genome protection is an advanced direction.

scholarly journals AGE-RELATED MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN RATS’ PANCREAS UNDER HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
Tatiana Yu. Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova ◽  
Halyna V. Kosiakova ◽  
Sergiy P. Lugovskoy ◽  
Sergiy A. Mykhalskiy ◽  
Pavlo P. Klymenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pancreas Morphology

The aim: To determine the set of structural and functional changes in pancreatic islets (PI) of obesity-induced insulin resistant (IR) rats of different age (young and old) fed with prolonged (6 month) high-fat diet (HFD) (58% of fat) and further treatment with N-Stearoylethanolamine (NSE), a bioactive N-Acylethanolamine. Materials and methods: Alimentary obesity-induced IR model in rats of two age groups was used to investigate the influence of age and NSE treatment on pancreas morphology (using histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques) and on several biochemical parameters associated with DM onset. Results: The NSE administration normalized pancreas morphology which was more affected in the old IR group; the signs of inflammation, edema, fibrosis and steatosis were somehow diminished and PI area became significantly increased. The amount of the A-F-positive insulocytes increased and TUNEL-positive – decreased. Compensatory hyperplasia in the affected pancreas of both age was an important indicator of NSE stimulating effect. Conclusions: Protective effects of NSE on morpho-functional state of pancreas in HFD-induced IR rats of both age are associated not only with its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-dyslipidemic properties but also with activation of PI hyperplasia and β-cells compensatory mechanisms.

EEG correlates of cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of oscillatory activity and neural synchrony abnormalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meysam Amidfar ◽  
Yong-Ku Kim
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders

Background: A large body of evidence suggested that disruption of neural rhythms and synchronization of brain oscillations are correlated with variety of cognitive and perceptual processes. Cognitive deficits are common features of psychiatric disorders that complicate treatment of the motivational, affective and emotional symptoms. Objective: Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive functions will contribute to understanding of neural circuits controlling cognition, the causes of their perturbation in psychiatric disorders and developing novel targets for treatment of cognitive impairments. Methods: This review includes description of brain oscillations in Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and autism. Results: The review clearly shows that the reviewed neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with fundamental changes in both spectral power and coherence of EEG oscillations. Conclusion: In this article we examined nature of brain oscillations, association of brain rhythms with cognitive functions and relationship between EEG oscillations and neuropsychiatric diseases. Accordingly, EEG oscillations can most likely be used as biomarkers in psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Morpho-functional changes of cardiac telocytes in isolated atrial amyloidosis in patients with atrial fibrillation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Sukhacheva ◽  
Natalia V. Nizyaeva ◽  
Maria V. Samsonova ◽  
Andrey L. Cherniaev ◽  
Artem A. Burov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Mitral Valve Regurgitation ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Myocardial Remodeling ◽  
Valve Regurgitation ◽  
Atrial Myocardium ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Transitional Forms

AbstractTelocytes are interstitial cells with long, thin processes by which they contact each other and form a network in the interstitium. Myocardial remodeling of adult patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs with an increase in fibrosis, age-related isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myolysis. This study aimed to determine the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of cardiac telocytes in patients with AF and AF + IAA. IAA associated with accumulation of atrial natriuretic factor was detected in 4.3–25% biopsies of left (LAA) and 21.7–41.7% of right (RAA) atrial appendage myocardium. Telocytes were identified at ultrastructural level more often in AF + IAA, than in AF group and correlated with AF duration and mitral valve regurgitation. Telocytes had ultrastructural signs of synthetic, proliferative, and phagocytic activity. Telocytes corresponded to CD117+, vimentin+, CD34+, CD44+, CD68+, CD16+, S100-, CD105- immunophenotype. No significant differences in telocytes morphology and immunophenotype were found in patients with various forms of AF. CD68-positive cells were detected more often in AF + IAA than AF group. We assume that in aged AF + IAA patients remodeling of atrial myocardium provoked transformation of telocytes into “transitional forms” combining the morphological and immunohistochemical features with signs of fibroblast-, histiocyte- and endotheliocyte-like cells.

scholarly journals Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of the Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System: Implications for Pathology

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Salvatore Nesci ◽  
Fabiana Trombetti ◽  
Alessandra Pagliarani ◽  
Vittoria Ventrella ◽  
Cristina Algieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Protonmotive Force ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
F1fo Atp Synthase ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions

Under aerobic conditions, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) converts the energy released by nutrient oxidation into ATP, the currency of living organisms. The whole biochemical machinery is hosted by the inner mitochondrial membrane (mtIM) where the protonmotive force built by respiratory complexes, dynamically assembled as super-complexes, allows the F1FO-ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi. Recently mitochondria emerged not only as cell powerhouses, but also as signaling hubs by way of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, when ROS removal systems and/or OXPHOS constituents are defective, the physiological ROS generation can cause ROS imbalance and oxidative stress, which in turn damages cell components. Moreover, the morphology of mitochondria rules cell fate and the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mtIM, which, most likely with the F1FO-ATP synthase contribution, permeabilizes mitochondria and leads to cell death. As the multiple mitochondrial functions are mutually interconnected, changes in protein composition by mutations or in supercomplex assembly and/or in membrane structures often generate a dysfunctional cascade and lead to life-incompatible diseases or severe syndromes. The known structural/functional changes in mitochondrial proteins and structures, which impact mitochondrial bioenergetics because of an impaired or defective energy transduction system, here reviewed, constitute the main biochemical damage in a variety of genetic and age-related diseases.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Blood-Retinal Barrier Physiology in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Annamaria Tisi ◽  
Marco Feligioni ◽  
Maurizio Passacantando ◽  
Marco Ciancaglini ◽  
Rita Maccarone
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

The blood retinal barrier (BRB) is a fundamental eye component, whose function is to select the flow of molecules from the blood to the retina and vice-versa, and its integrity allows the maintenance of a finely regulated microenvironment. The outer BRB, composed by the choriocapillaris, the Bruch’s membrane, and the retinal pigment epithelium, undergoes structural and functional changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness worldwide. BRB alterations lead to retinal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Several risk factors have been associated with AMD onset in the past decades and oxidative stress is widely recognized as a key factor, even if the exact AMD pathophysiology has not been exactly elucidated yet. The present review describes the BRB physiology, the BRB changes occurring in AMD, the role of oxidative stress in AMD with a focus on the outer BRB structures. Moreover, we propose the use of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a new powerful anti-oxidant agent to combat AMD, based on the relevant existing data which demonstrated their beneficial effects in protecting the outer BRB in animal models of AMD.

Constipation in patients with comorbidity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.А. Лялюкова ◽  
Е.Н. Логинова
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Age Related

Пациенты пожилого и старческого возраста в силу физиологических причин и коморбидной патологии имеют высокий риск развития запора. Причиной запора чаще всего являются алиментарные факторы и возраст-ассоциированные заболевания и повреждения толстой кишки (дивертикулярная болезнь, ишемия толстой кишки, ректоцеле, геморрой и другие); метаболические, эндокринные расстройства и неврологические заболевания. Возрастные анатомические, структурные и функциональные изменения пищеварительной системы вносят свой вклад в развитие запоров у пожилых. У пациентов «серебряного возраста» отмечено увеличение длины желудочно-кишечного тракта, прогрессирование атрофических, склеротических изменений слизистой и подслизистой оболочки, снижение количества секреторных клеток, замещение мышечных волокон соединительной тканью и др. Все это способствует замедлению транзита по желудочно-кишечному тракту и нарушению акта дефекации. Образ жизни пожилых людей также может способствовать развитию запора. Низкое содержание в рационе клетчатки, употребление преимущественно термически обработанной пищи, нарушение ритма питания (прием пищи 1-2 раза в день) являются одной из причин возникновения запоров у пожилых, чему способствуют трудности при жевании вследствие стоматологических проблем. Колоноскопия показана всем пациентам пожилого и старческого возраста с запором, а выявление «симптомов тревоги» необходимо проводить при каждом визите пациента. Вне зависимости от причины вторичного запора, все пациенты должны осуществлять ряд мер немедикаментозного характера, включающих изменение образа жизни, диету с включением достаточного количества клетчатки и потребление жидкости. Физические методы лечения могут включать лечебную гимнастику, массаж толстой кишки для стимуляции моторной активности кишечника в определенное время. При неэффективности немедикаментозных мероприятий рекомендуется использование осмотических слабительных, а также средств, увеличивающих объем каловых масс. Высокая эффективность и безопасность псиллиума позволяет рекомендовать его в лечении хронического запора у пожилых пациентов. Elderly and senile patients, due to physiological reasons and comorbid pathology, have a high risk of constipation. The causes of constipation are more often nutritional factors and age-associated diseases and damage to the colon (diverticular disease, colon ischemia, rectocele, hemorrhoids, and others); metabolic, endocrine disorders and neurological diseases. Age-related anatomical, structural and functional changes in the digestive system contribute to the development of constipation in the elderly. In patients of «silver age», there was an increase in the length of the gastrointestinal tract, the progression of atrophic, sclerotic changes in the mucous and submucosa, a decrease in the number of secretory cells, replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue, etc. All this contributes to the slowing down of transit through the gastrointestinal tract and the violation of the act of defecation. Elderly lifestyles can also contribute to constipation. The low fiber content in the diet, the use of mainly thermally processed food, the violation of the rhythm of the diet (eating 1-2 times a day) are one of the causes of constipation in the elderly, which is facilitated by difficulty in chewing due to dental problems. Colonoscopy is ordered for all elderly and senile patients with constipation, and the identification of «anxiety symptoms» should be carried out at each patient visit. Regardless of the cause of secondary constipation, all patients should take a number of non-pharmacological measures, including lifestyle changes, a diet with adequate fiber, and fluid intake. Physical therapies may include medical gymnastics, colon massage to stimulate bowel movement at specific times. If non-drug measures are ineffective, it is recommended to use osmotic laxatives, as well as agents that increase the volume of feces. Psyllium supplementation is recommended for treatment of chronic constipation in elderly patients due to its high efficacy and safety.

scholarly journals Superoxide Anion Production and Bioenergetic Profile in Young and Elderly Human Primary Myoblasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Marrone ◽  
Rita Maria Laura La Rovere ◽  
Simone Guarnieri ◽  
Ester Sara Di Filippo ◽  
Giovanni Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Superoxide Anion Production ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Primary Myoblasts ◽  
Production Variability ◽  
And Function

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. It is associated with regenerative difficulties by satellite cells, adult muscle stem cells, and alteration of oxidative management, mainly the increase in superoxide anions (O2•−). We aimed to investigate the relation between regenerative deficit in elderly and increase in O2•− production along with mitochondrial alterations. Myoblasts and myotubes from skeletal muscle of young and elderly healthy subjects (27.8 ± 6 and 72.4 ± 6.5 years old) were measured: (1) superoxide dismutase activity and protein content, (2) mitochondrial O2•− production levels, (3) O2•− production variability, and (4) mitochondrial bioenergetic profile. Compared to young myoblasts, elderly myoblasts displayed decreased SOD2 protein expression, elevated mitochondrial O2•− baseline levels, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Additionally, elderly versus young myotubes showed elevated mitochondrial O2•− levels when stressed with N-acetyl cysteine or high glucose and higher glycolysis despite showing comparable oxidative phosphorylation levels. Altogether, the elderly may have less metabolic plasticity due to the impaired mitochondrial function caused by O2•−. However, the increased energy demand related to the differentiation process appears to activate compensatory mechanisms for the partial mitochondrial dysfunction.

scholarly journals Long-term cyclic aerobic training preserves the brain's health in elderly persons (brief review)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-163
Author(s):  
A S Radchenko ◽  
B B Davydov ◽  
A N Kalinichenko
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Memory State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

It was identified on the base of special periodical literature analyze that cyclic muscular work systematically performed during large part of the person's life (former athlete) provides mainly the favorable effect on the brain. Ventricular-arterial coupling improvement ameliorates brain perfusion, and creates function advantages to brain health in old age. At that, the gray and white matter fading hampered, especially in structures that associated with visual control and human body spatial orientation, motor control and memory state, and age-related attenuation of cognitive functions in comparison with sedentary persons of the same age.

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