scholarly journals The Role of Self-Awareness and Problem-Solving Orientation for the Instrumentality of Goal-Related Means

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Kreibich ◽  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Veronika Brandstätter
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Support ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. Successful goal striving hinges on the selection of instrumental means. The current research investigates individual differences in self-awareness as a predictor for means instrumentality. This effect should be mediated by the tendency of self-aware individuals to approach the process of goal pursuit in a way that is problem-solving-oriented. Four studies ( N1a = 123, N1b = 169, N2 = 353, N3 = 118) were conducted to explore the positive relation between self-awareness and means instrumentality via heightened levels of problem-solving orientation. Studies 1a and 1b found cross-sectional support for the relation between dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation. Study 2 (preregistered) replicated this finding and provided experimental evidence for the hypothesized mediation model. Finally, Study 3 found longitudinal support that dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation predict self-reported means instrumentality and, beyond this, participants’ objective exam grades. This research emphasizes the crucial role of individual differences in self-awareness for an important self-regulatory process, that is, the selection of instrumental means in personal goal pursuit.

The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Monika Ardelt ◽  
Justin Peter Brienza ◽  
Mengxi Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
The Common ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
And Training ◽  
Contextual Differences

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.

Interest as the Missing Motivator in Self-Regulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Sansone ◽  
Dustin B. Thoman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Goal Striving ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Typically, models of self-regulation include motivation in terms of goals. Motivation is proposed to fluctuate according to how much individuals value goals and expect to attain them. Missing from these models is the motivation that arises from the process of goal-pursuit. We suggest that an important aspect of self-regulation is monitoring and regulating our motivation, not just our progress toward goals. Although we can regulate motivation by enhancing the value or expectancy of attaining the outcome, we suggest that regulating the interest experience can be just as, if not more, powerful. We first present our model, which integrates self-regulation of interest within the goal-striving process. We then briefly review existing evidence, distinguishing between two broad classes of potential interest-enhancing strategies: intrapersonal and interpersonal. For each class of strategies we note what is known about developmental and individual differences in whether and how these kinds of strategies are used. We also discuss implications, including the potential trade-offs between regulating interest and performance, and how recognizing the role of the interest experience may shed new light on earlier research in domains such as close relationships, psychiatric disorders, and females' choice to drop out of math and science.

scholarly journals The role of physician assistants in pediatric emergency medicine: the physician's view

CJEM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quynh Doan ◽  
Shalea Piteau ◽  
Sam Sheps ◽  
Joel Singer ◽  
Hubert Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Physician Assistants ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Clinical Encounters ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTObjective:To define the range of clinical conditions Canadian emergency pediatricians consider appropriate formanagement by physician assistants (PAs) and the degree of autonomy PAs should have in the pediatric emergency department (PED).Methods:We conducted a cross–sectional, pan-Canadian survey using electronic questionnaire technology: the Active Campaign Survey tool. We targeted PED physicians using the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) network database (N = 297). Three outcome measures were assessed: demographic information, familiarity with PAs, and PA clinical roles in the PED. The level of PA involvement was assessed for 57 common nonemergent clinical conditions.Results:Of 297 physicians, 152 completed the survey, for a response rate of 51.2%. None of the 57 clinical categories achieved at least 85% agreement regarding PA management without direct physician involvement. Twenty-four clinical conditions had ≥ 15% agreement that any PA involvement would be inappropriate. For the remaining 33 clinical conditions, more than 85% of respondents felt that PA could appropriately manage but were divided between requiring direct and only indirect physician supervision. Respondents' selection of the number of conditions felt to be appropriate for PA involvement varied between the size of the emergency department (ED) in which they work (larger EDs 87.7–89.1% v. smaller EDs 74.2%) and familiarity with the clinical work of PAs in the ED (90.5–91.5% v. 82.2–84.7%).Conclusion:This national survey of Canadian PED physicians suggests that they feel PAs could help care for a large number of nonemergent clinical cases coming to the PED, but these clinical encounters would have to be directly supervised by a physician.

scholarly journals THE CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING IN PKPR WITH THE ABILITY TO PROBLEM SOLVING ADOLESCENTS AGED 13-15 YEARS AT LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STATE 1 PURI MOJOKERTO

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Binarti Dwi Wahyuningsih ◽  
Lutfi Wahyuni Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Lower Secondary School ◽  
Psychological Counseling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Services ◽  
State 1

THE CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING IN PKPR WITH THE ABILITY TO PROBLEM SOLVING ADOLESCENTS AGED 13-15 YEARS AT LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STATE 1 PURI MOJOKERTO By: Binarti Dwi,Lutfi Wahyuni,     Abctract : This study aims to analyze correlation between the role of adolescence care services (PKPR) particular program as psychological counseling to problem solving capabilities in adolescent aged 13-15 years at lower secondary school state 1 puri Mojokerto. This study used is analytic with cross-sectional. A simple of 52 people were taken by cluster random sampling. Protap monitoring data collection using standard PKPR 3 adolescence, especcially psychological counseling program and questionnaire problem solving abilities. Spearman rho test showed that p (0,000) < α (0,05) so, H0 is rejected it means there is correlation of psychological counseling in pkpr with the ability to problem solving adolescents aged 13-15 years at lower secondary school state 1 puri Mojokerto. Whith valve r-0,474 which shows correlation moderat. To improve quality of Psychological counseling services in PKPR expected to help adolescent  choose alternative solotions to problems and improve the ability of problem solving in adolescent.  

scholarly journals How involuntary subordination and social support influence the association between self-esteem and depression: a moderated mediation model

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuming Shen ◽  
Yue Shi ◽  
Shuxian Zhang ◽  
Lhakpa Tsamlag ◽  
Huwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Background In China, young migrants are at elevated risk of mental health problems, such as depression. The influence of self-esteem on depression is well acknowledged. We examined correlates of depression and their mediating and moderating role in the association between self-esteem and depression to promote a better understanding of depression prevention among young migrants. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among young Chinese migrants. A moderated mediation model was used to test the combined effect of involuntary subordination and social support on the association between self-esteem and depression. The Johnson–Neyman method was used to identify the range of scores for which social support acted as a moderator. Results A total of 572 participants completed questionnaires. The median depression score was 19 (interquartile range: 14). Self-esteem had a negative effect on involuntary subordination (β = − 2.1440, p < 0.001). Involuntary subordination (β = 0.2406, p < 0.001), self-esteem (β = − 0.3870, p < 0.01), and social support (β = − 0.1221, p < 0.01) all had significant effects on depression. The effect of involuntary subordination on depression was moderated by social support (β = − 0.0041, p < 0.05), and the effect decreased as social support scores increased. Conclusions Our results indicated a mediating role of involuntary subordination and a moderating role of social support in the association between self-esteem and depression among young Chinese migrants. Future intervention strategies should focus on these factors to reduce depressive symptoms.

A Comparison of Terminally Ill Persons at Various Time Periods to Death

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Baugher ◽  
Candice Burger ◽  
Roberta Smith ◽  
Kenneth Wallston
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Time Periods

A cross-sectional comparison was made of the responses of 1,110 terminally ill persons with cancer at varying time periods prior to death. In addition, a longitudinal analysis on a subgroup of this sample was conducted for self-reported mood changes and social interaction changes as death approached. Two theories, Disengagement and Objective Self-Awareness, which suggest that people nearing death would increase in their desire to separate from others, were not supported. In general, there were few differences in the responses of persons further from, or closer to, death. The mention of religion as a source of support was less common among persons closer to death. Finally, awareness of one's demise had an effect only on one's responses regarding the role of other people in the life of the terminally ill person.

Friends—Who Needs Them? Two Case Studies Illustrating the Assessment and Treatment of Boys with Peer Relationship Difficulties

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Conning ◽  
Donna M. Head
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Peer Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents case studies of two boys who had problems forming friendships, and who participated in a group treatment designed to enhance their social skills. The intervention consisted of both behavioural techniques and cognitive problem solving strategies. The boys' improvement was reflected in some of the formal measures of change, and in reports from parents and teachers. The paper addresses issues concerning the role of assessment, and the selection of appropriate measures of change.

scholarly journals Linking Stressful Experiences and Psychological Problems: The Role of Self-Esteem

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 914-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth L. de Moor ◽  
Roos Hutteman ◽  
Kees Korrelboom ◽  
Odilia M. Laceulle
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stressful Experiences ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Moderating Role

Stressful experiences have repeatedly been related to psychological problems. The current study extends previous work on stress and psychological problems by examining the link between stressful experiences and both internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems. Additionally, individual differences are investigated by testing the moderating role of self-esteem. Questionnaire data of 750 adolescents aged 12–18 were collected and analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Analyses were controlled for sex and socioeconomic status. Results indicated that adolescents who report more stressful experiences are more likely to experience both INT and EXT problems, and these relationships were stronger for adolescents with low self-esteem. Post hoc analyses (e.g., different thresholds for determining stressful experiences) support the robustness of our findings. The findings on self-esteem emphasize the importance of taking individual differences into account in the relation between stressful experiences and psychological problems. The results can be seen as a next step in cross-sectional research.

scholarly journals Retrieval, reuse, revision and retention in case-based reasoning

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMON LOPEZ DE MANTARAS ◽  
DAVID MCSHERRY ◽  
DEREK BRIDGE ◽  
DAVID LEAKE ◽  
BARRY SMYTH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Problem ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Selection Of

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an approach to problem solving that emphasizes the role of prior experience during future problem solving (i.e., new problems are solved by reusing and if necessary adapting the solutions to similar problems that were solved in the past). It has enjoyed considerable success in a wide variety of problem solving tasks and domains. Following a brief overview of the traditional problem-solving cycle in CBR, we examine the cognitive science foundations of CBR and its relationship to analogical reasoning. We then review a representative selection of CBR research in the past few decades on aspects of retrieval, reuse, revision and retention.

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