Translocation Relative to Range

Methodology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Höfler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Difference ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variance Parameters ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Maximum Possible Magnitude

A standardized index for effect intensity, the translocation relative to range (TRR), is discussed. TRR is defined as the difference between the expectations of an outcome under two conditions (the absolute increment) divided by the maximum possible amount for that difference. TRR measures the shift caused by a factor relative to the maximum possible magnitude of that shift. For binary outcomes, TRR simply equals the risk difference, also known as the inverse number needed to treat. TRR ranges from –1 to 1 but is – unlike a correlation coefficient – a measure for effect intensity, because it does not rely on variance parameters in a certain population as do effect size measures (e.g., correlations, Cohen’s d). However, the use of TRR is restricted on outcomes with fixed and meaningful endpoints given, for instance, for meaningful psychological questionnaires or Likert scales. The use of TRR vs. Cohen’s d is illustrated with three examples from Psychological Science 2006 (issues 5 through 8). It is argued that, whenever TRR applies, it should complement Cohen’s d to avoid the problems related to the latter. In any case, the absolute increment should complement d.

The Issue of Sustainability in Third World Food Production (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4I) ◽  
pp. 511-534
Author(s):  
Winfried Von Urff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Third World ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
World Food ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference

In spite of the fact that food production in developing countries doubled over the last 25 years undernutrition is still widely spread. At the beginning of the eighties, according to FAO, 335 to 494 million people in developing countries suffered from serious undernutrition the difference being due to different concepts to determine undernutrition on which scientist were unable to find a consensus.) Unfortunately there is no recent comprehensive analysis of the food situation comparable to those of previous World Food Surveys but it can be taken for sure that the absolute number of undernourished has increased. According to unofficial FAO sources a figure of 870 million was estimated for 1990 (22 percent of the total population in developing countries) using the same concept that led to the figure of 494 million in 1979-81 (23 percent of the total population in developing countries) which means that most probably the number of undernourished increased at a rate slightly less than population growth.

scholarly journals Blumgart Anastomosis After Pancreaticoduodenectomy. A Comprehensive Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Ricci ◽  
Carlo Ingaldi ◽  
Laura Alberici ◽  
Nico Pagano ◽  
Cristina Mosconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Postoperative Morbidity ◽  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Reoperation Rate ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Secondary Endpoints

Abstract Background The superiority of Blumgart anastomosis (BA) over non-BA duct to mucosa (non-BA DtoM) still remains under debate. Methods We performed a systematic search of studies comparing BA to non-BA DtoM. The primary endpoint was CR-POPF. Postoperative morbidity and mortality, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH), delayed gastric emptying (DGE), reoperation rate, and length of stay (LOS) were evaluated as secondary endpoints. The meta-analysis was carried out using random effect. The results were reported as odds ratio (OR), risk difference (RD), weighted mean difference (WMD), and number needed to treat (NNT). Results Twelve papers involving 2368 patients: 1075 BA and 1193 non-BA DtoM were included. Regarding the primary endpoint, BA was superior to non-BA DtoM (RD = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.16 to −0.04; NNT = 9). The multivariate ORs' meta-analysis confirmed BA's protective role (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.79). BA was superior to DtoM regarding overall morbidity (RD = −0.10; 95% CI: −0.18 to −0.02; NNT = 25), PPH (RD = −0.03; 95% CI −0.06 to −0.01; NNT = 33), and LOS (− 4.2 days; −7.1 to −1.2 95% CI). Conclusion BA seems to be superior to non-BA DtoM in avoiding CR-POPF.

scholarly journals II. On the electro-chemical equivalent of silver, and on the absolute electromotive force of clark cells

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 448-450
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
British Association ◽  
General Character ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference

The investigations upon this subject which have been carried on by Mrs. Sidgwick and myself during the last year and a half, though not yet quite finished, are so far advanced that no doubt remains as to the general character of the results; and as these results have application in the daily work of practical electricians, it is thought desirable to communicate them without further delay. The currents are measured by balancing the attraction and repulsion of coaxal coils against known weights, as described before the British Association in 1882, a method which has fully answered the favourable expectations then expressed. To what was said on that occasion it will be sufficient for the present to add that the readings are taken by reversal of the current in the fixed coils, and the difference of weights thus found (about 1 gram) represents the double force of attraction, free from errors depending upon the connections of the suspended coil, and other sources of disturbance.

Risky Business: Making Sense of Estimates of Risk

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Streiner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Risky Business

This article describes various indices of risk, which is the probability that a person will develop a specific outcome. The risk difference is the absolute difference in risks between 2 groups and can be used either to compare the outcome of 2 groups, one of which was exposed to some genetic or environmental factor, or to see how much of an effect a treatment may have. The reciprocal of the risk difference, the number needed to treat, expresses how many patients must receive the intervention in order for 1 person to derive some benefit. Attributable risk reflects the proportion of cases due to some putative cause and indicates the number of cases that can be averted if the cause were removed. Finally, the relative risk and odds ratio reflect the relative differences between groups in achieving some outcome, either good (a cure) or bad (development of a disorder).

scholarly journals 1628 Vaccination for Safe Surgery During The SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic: Modelling Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Compared to the general population, in the postoperative period, surgical patients are both at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased mortality in the event of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study modelled the impact of preoperative vaccination of patients aged ≥70 years having elective inpatient surgery. Method The primary outcome was the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one death over one year following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Postoperative SARS-CoV-2 incidence and adjusted mortality risk difference for SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated from the prospective GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Week study (90,146 elective surgery patients across 1,595 hospitals in 115 countries), were used to estimate lives saved by vaccination in the first 30 postoperative days. SARS-CoV-2 case and death registration data from the Office for National Statistics was used to estimate NNTs for the general population. Best and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty around estimates. Results Among patients aged ≥70 years undergoing any type of surgery, NNT was estimated to be 332 (best case: 213; worst case: 690). NNT was lower in the cancer surgery subgroup (245 [150-545]). This was more favourable than the NNT for vaccination of the general population aged ≥70 (588 [403-1032]). Globally, vaccinating elective surgery patients aged ≥70 years preoperatively was projected to save 27,356 lives in one year compared to vaccinating the same patients after surgery. Conclusions Preoperative pathways should be set up for the vaccination of patients aged ≥70. In settings with limited vaccine availability, elective cancer surgery patients should be prioritised for vaccination.

scholarly journals Intraocular Lens Power Calculation According to the Difference between Anterior and Total Keratometry Using Scheimpflug Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188
Author(s):  
Joong Hee Kim ◽  
Kyong Jin Cho ◽  
Ho Seok Chung
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Intraocular Lens Power Calculation ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lens Power ◽  
Simple Regression

Purpose: We investigated the change in the absolute error according to the difference between anterior and total keratometry, to determine the criterion for the difference in keratometry, and to determine the indication for using total keratometry. Methods: Sagittal and total refractive power were measured with 2-, 3-, and 4-mm Pentacam® rings, and the absolute error of each was calculated in patients who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital. The correlation between the difference value the sagittal minus the total refractive power and each absolute error was analyzed by simple regression analysis. The analysis was performed by dividing the patients into two groups based on 0.6, which is the average of the difference between the sagittal and total refractive power for the 3-mm ring. Results: Sagittal power was larger than total refractive power for all rings and the absolute error obtained by applying the total refractive power was larger than the sagittal power for the 2- and 4-mm rings (p < 0.001). The simple regression analysis revealed that the absolute error using sagittal power was positively correlated with the difference between sagittal power and total refractive power. In the group with less than 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power of all rings was larger than the sagittal power (p < 0.001). In the group exceeding 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power was less than using the sagittal power for the 3 mm ring (p = 0.028). Conclusions: The greater the difference between sagittal and total refractive power, the greater the absolute error using sagittal power. Accuracy was higher in the group exceeding 0.6 after applying total refractive power measured at the 3 mm ring compared to sagittal power.

scholarly journals Electrocardiographic Safety of Repeated Monthly Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine as a Candidate for Mass Drug Administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Millat-Martínez ◽  
Rhoda Ila ◽  
Moses Laman ◽  
Leanne Robinson ◽  
Harin Karunajeewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Safety Endpoint ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Repeated Dosing ◽  
Long Acting

ABSTRACT Mass drug administration (MDA) of sequential rounds of antimalarial drugs is being considered for use as a tool for malaria elimination. As an effective and long-acting antimalarial, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQP) appears to be suitable as a candidate for MDA. However, the absence of cardiac safety data following repeated administration hinders its use in the extended schedules proposed for MDA. We conducted an interventional study in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea, using healthy individuals age 3 to 60 years who received a standard 3-day course of DHA-PQP on 3 consecutive months. Twelve-lead electrocardiography (ECG) readings were conducted predose and 4 h after the final dose of each month. The primary safety endpoint was QT interval correction (QTc using Fridericia’s correction [QTcF]) prolongation from baseline to 4 h postdosing. We compared the difference in prolongations between the third course postdose and the first course postdose. Of 84 enrolled participants, 69 (82%) participants completed all treatment courses and ECG measurements. The average increase in QTcF was 19.6 ms (standard deviation [SD], 17.8 ms) and 17.1 ms (SD, 17.1 ms) for the first-course and third-course postdosing ECGs risk difference, −2.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], −6.9 to 2.1; P = 0.285), respectively. We recorded a QTcF prolongation of >60 ms from baseline in 3 (4.3%) and 2 (2.9%) participants after the first course and third course (P = 1.00), respectively. No participants had QTcF intervals of >500 ms at any time point. Three consecutive monthly courses of DHA-PQP were as safe as a single course. The absence of cumulative cardiotoxicity with repeated dosing supports the use of monthly DHA-PQP as part of malaria elimination strategies.

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