The cost of anger: Suicide in the U.S. Army.

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-246
Author(s):  
James A. Naifeh ◽  
Oscar I. Gonzalez ◽  
Holly B. Herberman Mash ◽  
Carol S. Fullerton ◽  
Robert J. Ursano
Keyword(s):  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

The impact of regulations on labor markets in the U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Souad Adnane
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Lead Teachers ◽  
Associate's Degree ◽  
Childcare Workers ◽  
Educational Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

The District of Columbia (DC) Office of the Superintendent of Education (OSSE) issued in December 2016 new educational requirements for childcare workers, according to which, all childcare center directors in the District must earn a bachelor’s degree by December 2022 and all lead teachers an associate’s degree by December 2020 (Institute for Justice, 2018). Moreover, DC has one of the lowest staff-child ratios in the country. How are regulations pertaining to childcare workers’ qualifications and staff-child ratio affecting the childcare market in DC? The present paper is an attempt to answer this question first by analyzing the effects of more stringent regulations on the cost and availability of childcare in the U.S based on existing studies. It also uses the basic supply and demand model to examine the possible impact of the new DC policy on the cost, quality and supply of childcare in the District and how it will affect working parents, especially mothers. Next, the paper discusses the impact of deregulation based on simulations and regressions conducted by studies covering the U.S., and implications for quality. It concludes that more stringent childcare regulations, regarding educational requirements and staff-child ratios, are associated with a reduced number of childcare centers and a higher cost, and eventually affects women’s labor force participation.

scholarly journals 503. The Misappropriation of COVID-19 Related TV Ad Expenditures

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S317-S317
Author(s):  
Kartavya J Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background With nearly three-fourths of the U.S. population isolated in their homes between early March and the end of May, almost all of whom regularly watch television (TV), it was no surprise that companies began to purchase airtime on major television networks to advertise (ad) their brands and showcase their empathy with the populace. But how would the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic curve have changed had these same dollars been allocated to proven preventive interventions? Methods Performance and activity metrics on all COVID-19 related TV ads that have aired in the U.S. between February 26th and June 7th, 2020, were provided by iSpot.tv, Inc., including expenditures. COVID-19 incidence and mortality data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate total TV ad expenditures and other performance metrics across industry categories. Leveraging a previously published stochastic agent-based model that was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control COVID-19, the number of cases that would have been prevented had these same dollars been used for preventive interventions was calculated using cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs), the cost divided by cases prevented. Results A total of 1,513 companies purchased TV airtime during the study period, totaling approximately 1.1 million airings, 215.5 billion impressions, and $2.7 billion in expenditures; most of the expenditures were spent by the restaurant (15.9%), electronics and communications (15.4%), and vehicle (13.7%) industries. The CERs for PPE and social distancing measures were $13,856 and $29,552, respectively; therefore, had all of these TV ad dollars instead been allocated to PPE or social distancing measures, approximately 194,908 and 91,386 cases of COVID-19 may have been prevented by the end of the study period, respectively. Figure 2. COVID-19 cases prevented had TV ad expenditures been reallocated for interventions. Conclusion Americans were inundated with COVID-19 related TV ads during the early months of the pandemic and companies are now showing some signs to relent. In times of disaster, however, it is paramount that the private sector go beyond showcasing their empathy and truly become socially responsible by allocating their funds to proven prevention and control measures. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Evaluation of Microbially Influenced Degradation as a Method for the Decontamination of Radio Actively Contaminated Concrete

1996 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Rogers ◽  
M. A. Hamilton ◽  
L. O. Nelson ◽  
J. Benson ◽  
M. Green
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Acceptable Method ◽  
Application Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTBecause there are literally square kilometers of radioactively contaminated concrete surfaces within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complex, the task (both scope and cost) of decontamination is staggering. Complex-wide cleanup using conventional methodology does not appear to be feasible for every facility because of prioritization, cost, and manual effort required.We are investigating the feasibility of using microbially influenced degradation (MID) of concrete as a unique, innovative approach for the decontamination of concrete. Currently, work is being conducted to determine the practicality and cost effectiveness of using this environmentally acceptable method for decontamination of large surface concrete structures. Under laboratory conditions, the biodecontamination process has successfully been used to remove 2 mm of the surface of concrete slabs. Subsequently, initial field application data from an ongoing pilot-scale demonstration have shown that an average of 2 mm of surface can be removed from meter-square areas of contaminated concrete. The cost for the process has been estimated as $1.29/m2. Methodologies for field application of the process are being developed and will be tested. This paper provides information on the MID process, laboratory evaluation of its use for decontamination, and results from the pilot field application.

Cost effectiveness of DPYD genotyping to screen for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency prior to adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Brooks ◽  
Stephanie Tapp ◽  
Allan T. Daly ◽  
Jonathan Busam ◽  
Anna N.A. Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Dpyd Gene ◽  
Cancer Screen ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

55 Background: Fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy agents, including 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine, are the backbone of adjuvant treatment for colon cancer, and adjuvant chemotherapy substantially reduces recurrence and mortality after surgical resection of stage 3 colon cancer. While fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy is generally safe, the risk of severe, potentially fatal chemotherapy toxicity is substantially increased for the 2-3% of U.S. patients with DPD deficiency caused by pathogenic variants in the DPYD gene. DPYD genotype testing is readily available in the U.S. but has not been widely adopted. We evaluated the cost effectiveness of DPYD genotyping prior to adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer in the U.S. Methods: We constructed a Markov model to simulate screening for DPD deficiency with DPYD genotyping (versus no screening) among patients receiving fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy for stage 3 colon cancer. Screen-positive patients were modeled to receive dose-reduced fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. Model transition probabilities for treatment-related toxicities were derived from published clinical trial data with annotation of DPYD genotype and chemotherapy dosing strategy. Our analysis is from the healthcare perspective, with a time horizon of five years and an annual discount rate of 3% for future costs and benefits. Direct healthcare costs and health utilities were estimated from published sources and converted to 2020 US dollars, and post-treatment survival was modeled from SEER data. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), defined as dollars per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). We used a value of $100,000/QALY as the cost-effectiveness threshold. One-way sensitivity analyses were used to examine model uncertainty. Results: Compared with no screening, screening for DPD deficiency with DPYD genotyping increased per-patient costs by $106 and improved quality-adjusted survival by 0.0028 QALYs, leading to an ICER of $37,300/QALY. In one-way sensitivity analyses, the ICER exceeded $100,000/QALY when the carrier frequency of pathogenic DPYD gene variants was less than 1.17%, and when the specificity of DPYD genotyping was less than 98.9%. Cost-effectiveness estimates were not sensitive to the cost of DPYD genotyping, the cost of toxicity-related hospitalizations, or the health utility associated with grade 3-4 toxicity. Conclusions: Among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for stage 3 colon cancer, screening for DPD deficiency with DPYD genotyping is a cost-effective strategy for preventing infrequent but severe, sometimes fatal toxicities of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy.

scholarly journals A Re-Examination of Multistage Economies in Hog Farming

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Parcel ◽  
John R. Schroeter ◽  
Azzeddine M Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Hog Production ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Agricultural Resource Management Survey

AbstractCurrent trends in the structure of hog production in the U.S. are toward facilities that are not only larger, but also more likely to be specialized, carrying out only some of the vertically linked phases of production in the same facility. This paper investigates the cost efficiency incentives for these changes by estimating a multistage cost function for hog production. Data are from the Hog Production Practices and Costs portion of the USDA’s 2004 Agricultural Resource Management Survey.

scholarly journals The Macro Effects of Climate Policy Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (015) ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Stephie Fried ◽  
◽  
Kevin Novan ◽  
William B. Peterman ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Impacts ◽  
Policy Risk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Uncertainty surrounding if and when the U.S. government will implement a federal climate policy introduces risk into the decision to invest in capital used in conjunction with fossil fuels. To quantify the macroeconomic impacts of this climate policy risk, we develop a dynamic, general equilibrium model that incorporates beliefs about future climate policy. We find that climate policy risk reduces carbon emissions by causing the capital stock to shrink and become relatively cleaner. Our results reveal, however, that a carbon tax could achieve the same reduction in emissions at less than half the cost.

scholarly journals Value of Injuries in the Northridge Earthquake

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Porter ◽  
Kim Shoaf ◽  
Hope Seligson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Confidence Bounds ◽  
Earthquake Research ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nonfatal Injuries ◽  
The U.S ◽  
1994 Northridge Earthquake

The economic equivalent value of deaths and injuries in the 1994 Northridge earthquake has not previously been calculated, although number of injuries by category of treatment has. Using dollar-equivalent values for injuries accepted and used by the U.S. government for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of risk-mitigation efforts, the value of injuries in the 1994 Northridge earthquake is estimated to be $1.3 to 2.2 billion in 1994 (90% confidence bounds, equivalent to $1.8 to 2.9 billion in 2005). This is equivalent to 3–4% of the estimated $50 billion (in 1994) estimated direct capital losses and direct business interruption losses. If injuries in the 1994 Northridge earthquake are representative of injuries in future U.S. events, then the economic value of future earthquake injuries—the amount that the U.S. government would deem appropriate to expend to prevent all such injuries—is on the order of $200 million per year (in 2005 constant dollars). Of this figure, 96% is associated with nonfatal injuries, an issue overlooked by current experimental research. Given the apparently high cost of this type of loss, this appears to represent an important gap in the present earthquake research agenda.

Abstract 16: Economic Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Physical Inactivity in the United States in 2012

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyank P Shah ◽  
Fayez Shamoon ◽  
Mahesh Bikkina ◽  
Harold Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Physical Activity Guidelines ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Objective: Type 2 diabetes has grown to epidemic proportions in the U.S. and physical activity levels in the population continues to remain low, although it is a major primary preventive strategy for diabetes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes attributable to not meeting physical activity Guidelines and to physical inactivity in the U.S. in 2012. Methods: This was a cross sectional study that used physical activity prevalence data from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Estimates of relative risk of type 2 diabetes for subjects not engaging in any leisure time physical activity and those not meeting physical activity guidelines were obtained for multiple studies published in the literature. Using the prevalence of not meeting physical activity guidelines, physical inactivity and the respective relative risks, the population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for type 2 diabetes was estimated by Levin’s formula. These data were combined with the prevalence and cost data of type 2 diabetes (in 2012) to estimate the cost of type 2 diabetes attributable to not meeting physical activity Guidelines, and to physical inactivity in 2012. Sensitivity analyses were done for i) varying the prevalence of not meeting physical activity guidelines from 30-70%, and ii) varying the average annual cost of type 2 diabetes from $4394 (for person less than 45 years of age) to $11825 (for person greater than 65 years of age). Results: The prevalence of U.S. population meeting physical activity guidelines and engaging in no leisure time activity was 50% and 30% respectively in 2012. The average annual cost attributable to type 2 diabetes in the US, was $7888 per person. The cost of type 2 diabetes in the U.S. in 2012, attributable to not meeting physical activity guidelines was estimated to be $18.6 billion, and that attributable to physical inactivity was estimated to be $5.9 billion. Based on sensitivity analyses, these estimates ranged from $10.36 billion to $27.9 billion for not meeting physical activity guidelines and $3.3 billion to $8.87 billion for physical inactivity in the year 2012. Conclusions: This study shows that billions of dollars could be saved annually just in terms of type 2 diabetes cost in the U.S., if the entire adult population was active enough to meet physical activity guidelines. Physical activity promotion, particularly at the environmental and policy level should be a priority in the population.

The Mexican Government and Repatriation, November 1934–June 1936

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanís Enciso Fernando Saúl ◽  
Russ Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Mexican Migrants ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Strict Selection ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

This chapter discusses the Cardenista government’s attempt to find a solution to the foreseen threat of a mass return of Mexican migrants from the U.S. Chapter 3 details how the Cardenas administration established that only a strict selection of skilled agricultural labourers would be permitted to return, and details how the administration determined that individual Mexican states should accept responsibility for providing both housing and assistance for repatriated nationals. Drawing on an overview of the studies conducted by the Cardenas administration on the population of Mexican nationals living in the U.S., this chapter states that ultimately, it was proposed that 450,000 people could be resettled at the cost of 366,345,291 pesos, and that this figure was well outside the government’s budget. Lastly, this chapter notes that plans for a resettlement colony in Baja California- called “Mexico Libre”- were established but never came to fruition.

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