The impact of regulations on labor markets in the U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Souad Adnane
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Lead Teachers ◽  
Associate's Degree ◽  
Childcare Workers ◽  
Educational Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

The District of Columbia (DC) Office of the Superintendent of Education (OSSE) issued in December 2016 new educational requirements for childcare workers, according to which, all childcare center directors in the District must earn a bachelor’s degree by December 2022 and all lead teachers an associate’s degree by December 2020 (Institute for Justice, 2018). Moreover, DC has one of the lowest staff-child ratios in the country. How are regulations pertaining to childcare workers’ qualifications and staff-child ratio affecting the childcare market in DC? The present paper is an attempt to answer this question first by analyzing the effects of more stringent regulations on the cost and availability of childcare in the U.S based on existing studies. It also uses the basic supply and demand model to examine the possible impact of the new DC policy on the cost, quality and supply of childcare in the District and how it will affect working parents, especially mothers. Next, the paper discusses the impact of deregulation based on simulations and regressions conducted by studies covering the U.S., and implications for quality. It concludes that more stringent childcare regulations, regarding educational requirements and staff-child ratios, are associated with a reduced number of childcare centers and a higher cost, and eventually affects women’s labor force participation.

scholarly journals Islamist Women as Candidates in Elections: A Comparison of the Party of Justice and Development in Morocco and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 329-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Škrabáková
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Supply And Demand Model ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the legislative recruitment of women from conservative Islamist parties. It questions the common assumption that generally all Islamist parties are equally hostile to political participation and representation of women. For this purpose, two of the electorally most successful Islamist groups in the MENA region are compared, namely the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB) and its Moroccan offshoot, the Party of Justice and Development (PJD). The article seeks an explanation for diverging trends in female candidacy between these conservative religious movements, using the traditional supply and demand model of candidate selection. It argues that the less centralized and the more institutionalized parties (as is the case with the PJD) seem to be better equipped to facilitate women’s candidacy than the more oligarchic ones (the MB). In order to fully grasp the reasons behind the diverging trends in the nomination of female candidates from both Islamist parties, cultural factors are scrutinized as well. The article highlights the limits of the supply and demand model of candidate selection, which cannot explain instances of unexpected change in recruitment strategies based on external interference. Furthermore, it does not provide us the means to assess the impact of individual candidates’ ‘feminist credentials’ on overall female representation.


Application of Dynamic Programming in Long-Range Pipeline Facility Planning and in Assessing Off-Design and Off-Flow-Forecast Trajectories

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Botros ◽  
C. Foy ◽  
B. Chmilar
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Facility Planning ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Planning Problems ◽  
Flow Forecast

Dynamic programming (DP) inherently provides a methodology for evaluating a series of decisions in order to determine an optimal policy or path forward. The methodology basically enumerates and evaluates alternative states over the planning horizon in formulating the optimum strategy. In the present work, the concept of DP has been applied to pipeline long-range facility planning problems, and further extended to allow evaluation of nth optimum pipeline facility deployments based on cost and/or probabilities of constraints. The best four options were further analyzed considering uncertainties in the cost elements and the resulting economic risk associated with each optimum path. This paper presents the theory behind the extension of the DP methodology to pipeline long-range facility-planning problems over a planning horizon that considers inherent uncertainties in gas supply and demand as well as a range of available facility options. Uncertainties in the size and location of the required facilities to handle the forecast volumes, and associated variances in their respective cost to build and operate the various facilities, are all accounted for. The problem is further complicated by the possible changes in the expected flow from that forecast during design and the resulting penalties associated with the under- or over-sizing of facilities. It was demonstrated that it is important that the off-design flow forecast be evaluated to determine the impact of future variability or changes. The value that the organization can derive from being able to quantify the benefit (or penalty) of forecast uncertainty and over- or under-building long-range facilities, is significant.

Impact of Advancing Technology on Nuclear Facility Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. Corrado ◽  
Ronald M. Sega
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Many unfortunate and unintended adverse industrial incidents occur across the U.S. each year, and the nuclear industry is no exception. Depending on the severity, these incidents can be problematic for people, the facilities, and surrounding environments. These incidents occur for a number of varying reasons, but more often than not, human error is an accomplice. This article explores whether the complexity and changing technologies, which affect the way operators interact within the systems of the nuclear facilities, exacerbate the severity of incidents caused by human error. A review of nuclear incidents in the U.S. from 1955 to 2010 reaching level three or higher on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) scale was conducted. The cost of each incident at facilities that had recently undergone technological changes affecting plant operator's jobs was compared to those facilities which had not undergone changes. A t-test was applied and determined a statistically significant difference between the two groups. This affirmed that technological advances at nuclear facilities that affect how operators interact within the plant system increase the severity of resulting incidents. Next, a follow-on study was conducted to determine the impact from the incorporation of new technologies into nuclear facilities. The data indicated that spending more money on upgrades increased the capacity of the facility as well as the number of incidents reported, but the incident severity was minor.

Abstract 616: The Population Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Blood Pressure Treatment in U.S. Adults Age 75 and Older

Hypertension ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle C Odden ◽  
Pamela Coxson ◽  
Andrew Moran ◽  
David Guzman ◽  
Lee Goldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Target ◽  
Blood Pressure Treatment ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: In the next 30 years, the population of adults 75 years and older will more than double in the U.S., and high blood pressure is the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor in this population. The impact of strategies for blood pressure control has not been evaluated in this population with special consideration of geriatric conditions that may alter the cost-effectiveness. Methods: Based on the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model, a Markov model of the U.S. population, we forecasted the population impact of blood pressure treatment over 10 years in adults aged 75-94 years, using the health care system perspective, and assuming an annual discount rate of 3%. Based on epidemiologic and trial data, we projected the impact of four potential negative events on cost-effectiveness in this geriatric population: 1) mild side effects, 2) polypharmacy (use of 5+ medications) associated cognitive impairment, 3) increased risk of falls/fracture, and 4) attenuated effectiveness of therapy in frail older adults Results: We project that treatment to a systolic blood pressure target of 160 mmHg would result in the prevention of 65,000 cases of incident coronary artery disease, and 54,000 cases of incident ischemic stroke in adults 74-95 years. Based on a systolic blood pressure target of 140 mmHg, 191,000 cases of incident coronary artery disease, and 141,000 cases of incident ischemic stroke would be avoided. This would result in 729,000 additional years of life and 992,000 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The total health care costs of treating 75-94 year olds to a systolic blood pressure target of 140 mmHg would be $40.5 billion in the U.S., and the cost per QALY would be $40,800. The cost-effectiveness of treatment to a target of 140 mmHg would be worse in the presence of side effects ($ 51,000/QALY), polypharmacy ($ 58,400), fractures ($ 48,400), or frailty ($134,300). Conclusions: Treatment of systolic blood pressure to a target of 140 mmHg would prevent the most cardiovascular events and result in the greatest QALYs gained. The presence of side effects, polypharmacy-related cognitive impairment, fractures, or frailty could substantially offset this benefit. Treatment strategies that are tailored to the health status of older adults are warranted.

The Impact of Software Testing In Small and Medium Settings

2011 ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Luis Vinicio León-Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Software Testing ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Process Definition ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Process ◽  
The U.S

In the U.S. alone, the cost of faulty software ranges in the tens of billions of dollars per year; the costs of inadequate testing infrastructure are estimated between $22.2 and $59.5 billion, one half paid by the developers and the other half by the users. Albeit the criticality of a good testing process (the inadequacy of which would kill many small enterprises, in particular Latin American ones), many times the testing process is misapplied or not applied at all. We provide here some foundations of the discipline of software testing and present fragments of a variation of a test process used successfully by e-Quallity Corporation (a firm specialized in software testing) in commercial projects, defined formally using a small proprietary process definition language. We present also two case studies of projects with Mexican small and medium enterprises showing concrete economic impacts of the use (and misuse) of this testing process.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Contribution of Soybean Rust- Resistant Cultivars to Soybean Production and the Soybean Market in Brazil: A Supply and Demand Model Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ishikawa Ishiwata ◽  
Jun Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
The South ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply And Demand Model ◽  
Production Losses

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Sydow & Sydow), has become a serious issue in Brazil. As Brazil is one of the largest soybean-producing and exporting countries in the world, a considerable decrease in soybean production due to SBR would have a significant impact on the global soybean market. SBR-resistant cultivars have been developed to prevent a decrease in soybean production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SBR-resistant cultivars on soybean production and the soybean market in Brazil using a supply and demand model. This model consists of functions of yield, cultivated area, exports, and stock changes of soybean and soybean products, demand for soybean products, and price linkages. Five scenarios were simulated to evaluate the economic impact of adopting SBR-resistant cultivars as follows: One without SBR infection, two with serious production losses due to SBR in the south and southeast regions and all the states of Brazil, and two with the adoption of SBR-resistant cultivars in the south and south-east regions and all the states of Brazil. Our simulations suggest that adopting SBR-resistant cultivars reduces the cost of controlling SBR by approximately half and is essential for sustainable soybean production and a stable global soybean market.

The Impact of U.S. Non-price Export Promotion Program on Export Demand for U.S. Peanuts in North America

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullaya Boonsaeng ◽  
Stanley M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Export Demand ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. federal non-price export promotion programs on U.S. export demand in North America. A single-equation framework was specified for estimation of the peanut export demand model. Results indicate that the own-price of the importing country had a negative relationship with U.S. peanut exports, while the price of Chinese peanut exports and real income (GDP) of the importing country were positively related to U.S. peanuts exports. Export promotion programs had a positive effect on the export demand for U.S. peanut to Mexico while these programs seemed to have no effect in Canada.

THE IMPACT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE REGIMENS ON THE COST OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION—RESULTS FROM THE U.S. FK506 MULTICENTER TRIAL

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1089-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lake ◽  
Kevin J. Gorman ◽  
Carlos O. Esquivel ◽  
Russell H. Wiesner ◽  
Goran B. Klintmalm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

THE IMPACT OF ENERGY WARS AND GEOPOLITICS ON EXCHANGE RATES AND THE PRICE OF OIL: THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
M.N. Dudin ◽  
◽  
N.V. Lyasnikov ◽  
A.N. Bryntsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Oil will remain the single largest energy source in the world for the foreseeable future, and a balance must be struck between global supply and demand. A serious malfunction of only one large oil producer can lead to a significant change in oil prices and the recession of the entire global economy. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and empirical aspects of the mutual causality of oil prices and exchange rates, as well as to determine their influence on the development of the world economy. Methodology of the article. To complete this article, a comparative, economic and statistical analysis was used. Results. The article proves that the oil market is more inherent in a tendency towards regionalization rather than globalization. Factors affecting this process include macroeconomic conditions, the balance of supply and demand, the transformation of the regulatory component, changes in the cost structure and the significant influence of geopolitical components. The article justifies the fact that there is a certain strong direct connection between oil prices and exchange rates, but it is influenced by various geopolitical factors (for example, sanctions). Only 4% of the cost of oil is included in the price of gasoline, so when the price of oil falls, the price of gasoline does not decrease. Conclusions. A characteristic feature of the relationship between oil prices and exchange rates is the presence of bilateral mutual causality. Fluctuations in the dynamics of the oil industry are changing the roles of traditional and new suppliers. The oil market environment, which is a key commodity of our time, has a significant impact on world currencies.

The Impact of Eliminating the 20-F Reconciliation on the Cost of Debt: An Exploratory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Lucy Huajing Chen ◽  
Saiying Deng ◽  
Parveen P. Gupta ◽  
Heibatollah Sami
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Yield Spread ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Bond Yield ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT In 2007, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission voted to eliminate the 20-F reconciliation requirement for foreign issuers listing their stocks or bonds in the U.S. capital markets and preparing their financial statements under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Distinct from prior research focusing on the equity market, we investigate the impact of eliminating the 20-F reconciliation on the cost of debt in the U.S. listed foreign bond market. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, we document that bond yield spread increases for foreign IFRS bond issuers after the elimination of 20-F reconciliation. The results suggest that bondholders, on average, view the elimination of 20-F reconciliation as an information loss. Cross-sectional analyses reveal that the positive association between the elimination of 20-F reconciliation and bond yield spread is more pronounced for firms with greater stock return volatility, lower institutional ownership, weaker reporting incentives, and higher country-level investor protection. JEL Classifications: M41; G15; G18.

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