A social network perspective on the bamboo ceiling: Ethnic homophily explains why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership in multiethnic environments.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson G. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
South Asians ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Bamboo Ceiling

scholarly journals Why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership positions in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4590-4600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson G. Lu ◽  
Richard E. Nisbett ◽  
Michael W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chief Executive Officers ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Cultural Fit ◽  
Bamboo Ceiling ◽  
Executive Officers

Well-educated and prosperous, Asians are called the “model minority” in the United States. However, they appear disproportionately underrepresented in leadership positions, a problem known as the “bamboo ceiling.” It remains unclear why this problem exists and whether it applies to all Asians or only particular Asian subgroups. To investigate the mechanisms and scope of the problem, we compared the leadership attainment of the two largest Asian subgroups in the United States: East Asians (e.g., Chinese) and South Asians (e.g., Indians). Across nine studies (n= 11,030) using mixed methods (archival analyses of chief executive officers, field surveys in large US companies, student leader nominations and elections, and experiments), East Asians were less likely than South Asians and whites to attain leadership positions, whereas South Asians were more likely than whites to do so. To understand why the bamboo ceiling exists for East Asians but not South Asians, we examined three categories of mechanisms—prejudice (intergroup), motivation (intrapersonal), and assertiveness (interpersonal)—while controlling for demographics (e.g., birth country, English fluency, education, socioeconomic status). Analyses revealed that East Asians faced less prejudice than South Asians and were equally motivated by work and leadership as South Asians. However, East Asians were lower in assertiveness, which consistently mediated the leadership attainment gap between East Asians and South Asians. These results suggest that East Asians hit the bamboo ceiling because their low assertiveness is incongruent with American norms concerning how leaders should communicate. The bamboo ceiling is not an Asian issue, but an issue of cultural fit.

Clinical Profile and Health Disparities in a Multiethnic Cohort of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Butters ◽  
Caitlin R. Semsarian ◽  
Richard D. Bagnall ◽  
Laura Yeates ◽  
Fergus Stafford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
East Asian ◽  
North African ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Cardioverter Defibrillator

Background: Clinical studies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are over-represented by individuals of European ethnicity, with less known about other ethnic groups. We investigated differences between patients in a multiethnic Australian hypertrophic cardiomyopathy population. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 836 unrelated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy probands attending a specialized clinic between 2002 and 2020. Major ethnic groups were European (n=611), East Asian (n=75), South Asian (n=58), and Middle Eastern and North African (n=68). The minor ethnicity groups were Oceanian (n=9), People of the Americas (n=7), and African (n=8). One-way ANOVA with Dunnett post hoc test and Bonferroni adjustment were performed. Results: Mean age of the major ethnic groups was 54.9±16.9 years, and 527 (65%) were male. Using the European group as the control, East Asian patients had a lower body mass index (29 versus 25 kg/m 2 , P <0.0001). South Asians had a lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation (10% versus 31%, P =0.024). East Asians were more likely to have apical hypertrophy (23% versus 6%, P <0.0001) and Middle Eastern and North African patients more likely to present with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (46% versus 34%, P =0.0003). East Asians were less likely to undergo genetic testing (55% versus 85%, P <0.0001) or have an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implanted (19% versus 36%, P =0.037). East Asians were more likely to have a causative variant in a gene other than MYBPC3 or MYH7 , whereas Middle Eastern and North African and South Asians had the highest rates of variants of uncertain significance (27% and 21%, P <0.0001). Conclusions: There are few clinical differences based on ethnicity, but importantly, we identify health disparities relating to access to genetic testing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use. Unless addressed, these gaps will likely widen as we move towards precision-medicine–based care of individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk assessment in South and Middle-East Asians living in the Western countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahrai Saeed ◽  
Alka M Kanaya ◽  
Louise Bennet ◽  
Peter M Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment ◽  
The West ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Western Countries

Nearly a quarter of the world population lives in the South Asian region (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives). Due to rapid demographic and epidemiological transition in these countries, the burden of non-communicable diseases is growing, which is a serious public health concern. Particularly, the prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing. South Asians living in the West have also substantially higher risk of CVD and mortality compared with white Europeans and Americans. Further, as a result of global displacement over the past three decades, Middle-Eastern immigrants now represent the largest group of non-European immigrants in Northern Europe. This vulnerable population has been less studied. Hence, the aim of the present review was to address cardiovascular risk assessment in South Asians (primarily people from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), and Middle-East Asians living in Western countries compared with whites (Caucasians) and present results from some major intervention studies. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed to identify major cardiovascular health studies of South Asian and Middle-Eastern populations living in the West, relevant for this review. Results indicated an increased risk of CVD. In conclusion, both South Asian and Middle-Eastern populations living in the West carry significantly higher risk of diabetes and CVD compared with native white Europeans. Lifestyle interventions have been shown to have beneficial effects in terms of reduction in the risk of diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity, weight loss as well as better glycemic and lipid control. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3292 How to cite this:Saeed S, Kanaya AM, Bennet L, Nilsson PM. Cardiovascular risk assessment in South and Middle-East Asians living in the Western countries. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3292 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract 07: Association of Social Network Characteristics With Cardiovascular Health and Coronary Artery Calcium in South Asians: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay S Shah ◽  
Mark D Huffman ◽  
Sadiya S Khan ◽  
John A Schneider ◽  
Juned Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
South Asians ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Lower Odds

Introduction: South Asian Americans (SAs) have disproportionately high burden of poor cardiovascular health (CVH) and CVD, which may be influenced by people within their social network (SN). We examined the association of SN characteristics and SN member (“alter”) health with CVH and coronary artery calcium (CAC) in SAs to identify targets for CVD prevention in this high-risk community. Hypothesis: Smaller SN size and worse alter health is associated with poor CVH and CAC in SAs. Methods: In 699 SAs in the MASALA Study, SN characteristics (size, density, proportion of kin or SA ethnicity), alter health status (self-report of an alter with high blood pressure [HTN], hyperlipidemia [HL], heart disease, diabetes, or stroke), CVH score (0-14, based on poor, intermediate, or ideal blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, physical activity, diet, weight, and smoking), and CAC data were collected between 2016-2018. Multiple logistic regression evaluated the association of SN characteristics or alter health with prevalent CVH and CAC. Results: Participants were mean age 59±9 years and 43% women. Mean CVH score was 8.9±1.9, median CAC score 8 (range 0 - 4217). SNs were mean 6±3 people, density 79±26%, 72±28% kin, 88±23% SA ethnicity; 48% had an alter with HTN, 42% with HL, 18% with heart disease, 40% with diabetes, and 2% with stroke. A 1-person larger SN size was associated with a 19% higher odds of ideal vs. poor CVH in men (p=0.02), and an 11% lower odds of CAC in women (p=0.05, Table). In men, having at least 1 alter with HTN or HL was associated with a 58% or 54% lower odds of ideal vs. poor CVH (p=0.03, p=0.04), and having at least 1 alter with HL was associated with a 78% higher odds of CAC (p=0.05). No associations were seen between other SN characteristics, nor alters with other CVD risk factors, and CVH or CAC. Conclusions: In SAs, larger SN size was associated with better CVH. Having a SN member with HTN or HL may be associated with poorer CVH and CAC. Interventions to increase SN size or target SN member CVH may promote CVH in this high-risk population.

Other-Groups Bias Effects: Recognizing Majority and Minority Outgroup Faces

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 908-916
Author(s):  
Larissa Vingilis-Jaremko ◽  
Kerry Kawakami ◽  
Justin P. Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Underrepresented Populations ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Race Bias ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
Minority Participants

A large literature has provided evidence that intergroup biases are common in facial recognition. In investigations of faces of different races, research has repeatedly demonstrated an Own Race Bias in which people are more accurate in recognizing racial ingroup compared to outgroup members. The primary goal of this research was to investigate whether participants from typically underrepresented populations in social psychological research (i.e., Blacks, South Asians, and East Asians) show biases in recognition accuracy when presented with ingroup faces and minority and majority outgroup faces. Not surprisingly, across three experiments, participants demonstrated superior recognition for faces of members of their own compared to other races. Although minority participants also demonstrated greater recognition accuracy for majority compared to minority outgroup faces, these effects were much smaller and typically nonsignificant. The implications of these findings for our understanding of basic processes in face perception, and intergroup relations, are discussed.

scholarly journals The history and evolution of the Denisovan-EPAS1 haplotype in Tibetans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjun Zhang ◽  
Kelsey Witt ◽  
Amy Ko ◽  
Kai Yuan ◽  
Shuhua Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asians ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Introgressed Segment ◽  
Introgression Event ◽  
Selection Event

AbstractRecent studies suggest that admixture with archaic hominins played an important role in facilitating biological adaptations to new environments. For example, interbreeding with Denisovans facilitated the adaptation to high altitude environments on the Tibetan Plateau. Specifically, the EPAS1 gene, a transcription factor that regulates the response to hypoxia, exhibits strong signatures of both positive selection and introgression from Denisovans in Tibetan individuals. Interestingly, despite being geographically closer to the Denisova cave, East Asian populations do not harbor as much Denisovan ancestry as populations from Melanesia. Recently, two studies have suggested two independent waves of Denisovan admixture into East Asians, one of which is shared with South Asians and Oceanians. Here we leverage data from EPAS1 in 78 Tibetan individuals to interrogate which of these two introgression events introduced the EPAS1 beneficial sequence into the ancestral population of Tibetans, and we use the distribution of introgressed segment lengths at this locus to infer the timing of the introgression and selection event. We find that the introgression event unique to East Asians most likely introduced the beneficial haplotype into the ancestral population of Tibetans around 43,000 (15,700–60,000) years ago, and selection started 12,000 (1,925-50,000) years ago. Our estimates suggest that one of the most convincing examples of adaptive introgression is in fact selection acting on standing archaic variation.

scholarly journals Differential spatial distribution of hepatitis B virus by ethnicity in British Columbia, Canada: Expanded role of a large administrative cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Butt ◽  
Naveed Janjua ◽  
Stanley Wong ◽  
Amanda Yu ◽  
Maria Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Metro Vancouver ◽  
B Virus

IntroductionMost chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Canada are diagnosed among immigrants from endemic countries and lack traditional risk factors while most acute infections are usually diagnosed in Caucasian population with co-occurring risk factors. Thus, understanding geographical distribution of HBV infection by ethnicity could inform screening and care strategies. Objectives and ApproachWe identified geographic clusters of HBV infection in British Columbia by ethnicity during the years 1990-2015 using the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort (BC-HTC). The BC-HTC includes ~1.7 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV at the BC Public Health Laboratory or reported as a case of HCV, HIV, or HBV linked to healthcare administrative databases. We plotted maps of HBV diagnoses (acute and chronic) rate at the Dissemination Area level between 1990-2015 stratified by ethnicity and compared this distribution with injection drug use (IDU) distribution in BC. ResultsThe distribution of HBV varied considerably by ethnicity. From 1990 to 2015, a higher rate of HBV infection was found among East Asians and Caucasians followed by South Asians and other ethnicities. East Asians with highest rates were mainly concentrated in Vancouver city, Burnaby and Richmond (Metro Vancouver) while South Asians with highest rates were mostly concentrated in urban areas in Surrey and Abbotsford. Caucasians with higher rates were clustered in Downtown Eastside in Vancouver, Surrey and Abbotsford (Metro Vancouver) and urban areas in Greater Victoria (Vancouver Island), Prince George (Northern BC) and Kamloops (Interior BC). The distribution of IDU closely followed the distribution of HBV among Caucasians but did not align with other ethnic groups. Conclusion/ImplicationsResults highlight distinct areas of HBV infection clustering by ethnicity, which differ from areas with high IDU distribution except in Caucasians. Findings support ethnicity-based HBV screening/prevention and care services to areas with immigrants from HBV-endemic countries and integrated HBV and harm reduction services for early diagnosis and treatment in Caucasians.

scholarly journals Social network characteristics are correlated with dietary patterns among middle aged and older South Asians living in the United States (U.S.)

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameera A. Talegawkar ◽  
Nicola Lancki ◽  
Yichen Jin ◽  
Juned Siddique ◽  
Meghana Gadgil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Network ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
South Asians ◽  
The United States ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Network Characteristics

Abstract Background Social and cultural norms, operating through social networks, may influence an individual’s dietary choices. We examined correlations between social network characteristics and dietary patterns among South Asians in the United States (U.S.) Methods Data from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Social Network study were analyzed among 756 participants (mean age = 59 y standard deviation [SD] = 9 y; 44% women). A culturally adapted, validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary assessment. A posteriori dietary patterns using principal component analysis were named 1) animal protein, 2) fried snacks, sweets and high-fat dairy, and 3) fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes. Social network characteristics were assessed using a standard egocentric approach, where participants (egos) self-reported data on perceived dietary habits of their network members. Partial correlations between social network characteristics and egos’ dietary patterns were examined. Results The mean social network size of egos was 4.2 (SD = 1.1), with high proportion of network members being family (72%), South Asian ethnicity (89%), and half having daily contact. Animal protein pattern scores were negatively correlated with fruits and cooked vegetables consumption of network. Fried snacks, sweets and high-fat dairy pattern scores were positively correlated with sugar-sweetened beverages, South Asian sweets, fried/fast foods and ghee (clarified butter) consumption of network. Fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes pattern scores were positively correlated with vegetables, fruits, and brown rice/quinoa consumption of network. Conclusions Network member characteristics and their perceived dietary behaviors were correlated with dietary patterns of egos. Dietary intervention studies among South Asians should consider social network characteristics as candidate components for dietary intervention.

scholarly journals Impact of HCV infection and ethnicity on incident type 2 diabetes: findings from a large population-based cohort in British Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e002145
Author(s):  
Dahn Jeong ◽  
Mohammad Ehsanul Karim ◽  
Stanley Wong ◽  
James Wilton ◽  
Zahid Ahmad Butt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Incident Type

IntroductionIncreasing evidence indicates that chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with higher risk of diabetes. Previous studies showed ethnic disparities in the disease burden of diabetes, with increased risk in Asian population. We described the incidence of type 2 diabetes related to HCV infection and assessed the concurrent impact of HCV infection and ethnicity on the risk of diabetes.Research design and methodsIn British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort, individuals were followed from HCV diagnosis to the earliest of (1) incident type 2 diabetes, (2) death or (3) end of the study (December 31, 2015). Study population included 847 021 people. Diabetes incidence rates in people with and without HCV were computed. Propensity scores (PS) analysis was used to assess the impact of HCV infection on newly acquired diabetes. PS-matched dataset included 117 184 people. We used Fine and Gray multivariable subdistributional hazards models to assess the effect of HCV and ethnicity on diabetes while adjusting for confounders and competing risks.ResultsDiabetes incidence rates were higher among people with HCV infection than those without. The highest diabetes incidence rate was in South Asians with HCV (14.7/1000 person-years, 95% CI 12.87 to 16.78). Compared with Others, South Asians with and without HCV and East Asians with HCV had a greater risk of diabetes. In the multivariable stratified analysis, HCV infection was associated with increased diabetes risk in all subgroups: East Asians, adjusted HR (aHR) 3.07 (95% CI 2.43 to 3.88); South Asians, aHR 2.62 (95% CI 2.10 to 3.26); and Others, aHR 2.28 (95% CI 2.15 to 2.42).ConclusionsIn a large population-based linked administrative health data, HCV infection was associated with higher diabetes risk, with a greater relative impact in East Asians. South Asians had the highest risk of diabetes. These findings highlight the need for care and screening for HCV-related chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes among people affected by HCV.

scholarly journals GWAS of Complete Blood Count (CBC) Measures in 13,403 Blood Donors in the Multi-Racial RBC-Omics Study Reveal Novel Genetic Loci in Minority Populations Which Provide Insights into the Pathways That May Connect Them to Disease

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 921-921
Author(s):  
Yuelong Guo ◽  
Grier Page ◽  
Alan E. Mast ◽  
Richard G. Cable ◽  
Bryan R Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background: Blood cells, which constitute ~85% of cells in the human body, make fundamental contributions to oxygen transport, hemostasis, healing, and innate and acquired immune responses. Abnormalities of blood cell production and physiological/functional properties in healthy individuals are associated with predisposition to disorders including immunodeficiency, anemia, bleeding disorder, and cancer. However, few causal relationships between blood cell indices, genetics and disease risks have been established. The goal of this study is to identify associations between genetic factors and CBC parameters to gain insight into their regulation. Methods: The REDS-III Red Blood Cell Omics (RBC-Omics) study enrolled 13,403 blood donors at 4 major US blood centers. CBC measures including RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, RDW, WBC, and PLT, were successfully run among 13,036 subjects including 8,225 non-Hispanic Caucasians, 1,581 African American (AA), 1,600 Asians, which were further stratified into East Asians (likely Chinese, Japanese and Korean ancestry) and South Asians (likely Indian ancestry), 1,009 Caucasian Hispanics, and 621 other or multi-racial donors. DNA was isolated and genotyped using a custom Affymetrix Axiom Transfusion Medicine Array, which contained approximately 875,000 SNPs enriched for blood and transfusion related polymorphisms. Results: Genome wide association in RBC-Omics Caucasians revealed multiple genome wide significant hits for every CBC measure. Comparing our results in Caucasians to the UK Biobank and INTERVAL studies of the same phenotypes revealed significant (P&lt; 0.001) replication of 158 of their 1,080 genome wide significant loci. Further, our results in all donors replicated 89 of the 115 GW significant loci reported in the GWAS catalog with p &lt; 0.00001. Analyses of the GWA results and CBC parameters in RBC-Omics minority donors' samples revealed multiple novel significant genome wide hits as well. For WBC counts, AA were genome wide significant for the genes: SLC1A2; East Asians: BLC9; South Asians: VPS45. For HCT in AA: RBM7/REX02; in South Asians: ENTHD1. For RBC concentrations in AA there were genome wide significance for the genes GAB3 and LUC7L; in South Asians: TEF. For PLT, in AA: NEB; in South Asians: JMJD1C. Additionally, a number of genome wide hits were found in between genes some in highly evolutionarily conserved or regulatory regions. Conclusion: Genetics plays a significant role in the control and regulation of WBC, RBC, and PLT counts as well as other blood related measures such as HCT, RDW, and HGB. Our data strongly replicated the UK Biobank results in Caucasians. We have also identified several novel genes in minority populations. Interestingly genes such as JMJD1C, IFI16, AIM2, and BLC9 have been previously associated with various cancers and leukemia and should be studied for variation in susceptibility to cancers in these populations. Studies in minority populations, when combined with studies in Caucasians, will provide greater insight into the regulation of control of blood. Disclosures Mast: Novo Nordisk: Research Funding.

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