scholarly journals Perception of unrelated microbe-associated molecular patterns triggers conserved yet variable physiological and transcriptional changes in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanhui Kim ◽  
Maxim Prokchorchik ◽  
Yonghua Tian ◽  
Seulgi Kim ◽  
Hyelim Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Abstract Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) includes the different transcriptional and physiological responses that enable plants to ward off microbial invasion. Surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and initiate a branched signaling cascade that culminate in an effective restriction of pathogen growth. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, early PTI events triggered by different PRRs are broadly conserved although their nature or intensity is dependent on the origin and features of the detected MAMP. In order to provide a functional basis for disease resistance in leafy vegetable crops, we surveyed the conservation of PTI events in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. We identified the PRR homologs present in B. rapa genome and found that only one of the two copies of the bacterial Elongation factor-Tu receptor (EFR) might function. We also characterized the extent and unexpected specificity of the transcriptional changes occurring when B. rapa seedlings are treated with two unrelated MAMPs, the bacterial flagellin flg22 peptide and the fungal cell wall component chitin. Finally, using a MAMP-induced protection assay, we could show that bacterial and fungal MAMPs elicit a robust immunity in B. rapa, despite significant differences in the kinetic and amplitude of the early signaling events. Our data support the relevance of PTI for crop protection and highlight specific functional target for disease resistance breeding in Brassica crops.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein LLG1 associates with and modulates FLS2 to regulate innate immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 5749-5754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiujing Shen ◽  
Gildas Bourdais ◽  
Huairong Pan ◽  
Silke Robatzek ◽  
Dingzhong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Plants detect and respond to pathogen invasion with membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate downstream immune responses. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1 (LLG1), a coreceptor of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, regulates PRR signaling. In a forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance 1 (edr1), we identified the point mutation llg1-3, which suppresses edr1 disease resistance but does not affect plant growth and development. The llg1 mutants show enhanced susceptibility to various virulent pathogens, indicating that LLG1 has an important role in plant immunity. LLG1 constitutively associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the elongation factor-Tu receptor, and forms a complex with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a ligand-dependent manner, indicating that LLG1 functions as a key component of PAMP-recognition immune complexes. Moreover, LLG1 contributes to accumulation and ligand-induced degradation of FLS2, and is required for downstream innate immunity responses, including ligand-induced phosphorylation of BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 and production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our findings reveal that LLG1 associates with PAMP receptors and modulates their function to regulate disease responses. As LLG1 functions as a coreceptor of FERONIA and plays central roles in plant growth and development, our findings indicate that LLG1 participates in separate pathways, and may suggest a potential connection between development and innate immunity in plants.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Changes in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae during Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 658-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Madsen ◽  
Supraja Puttamreddy ◽  
Eileen L. Thacker ◽  
Michael D. Carruthers ◽  
F. Chris Minion
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Polymerase Beta ◽  
Glycerol Transport ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Bronchial Alveolar Lavage

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes swine pneumonia and contributes significantly to the porcine respiratory disease complex. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are difficult to address, since there is a lack of genetic tools, but microarrays are available and can be used to study transcriptional changes that occur during disease as a way to identify important virulence-related genes. Mycoplasmas were collected from bronchial alveolar lavage samples and compared to broth-grown cells using microarrays. Bronchial alveolar lavage was performed on pigs 28 days postinfection, and mycoplasmas were isolated by differential centrifugation. Mycoplasma RNA-enriched preparations were then obtained from total RNA by subtracting eucaryotic ribosomal and messenger RNAs. Labeled cDNAs were generated with mycoplasma open reading frame-specific primers. Nine biological replicates were analyzed. During lung infection, our analysis indicated that 79 M. hyopneumoniae genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.01), at a false-discovery rate of <2.7%. Of the down-regulated genes, 28 of 46 (61%) lacked an assigned function, in comparison to 21 of 33 (63%) of up-regulated genes. Four down-regulated genes and two up-regulated genes encoded putative lipoproteins. secA (mhp295) (P = 0.003) and two glycerol transport permease genes (potA [mhp380; P = 0.006] and ugpA [mhp381; P = 0.003]) were up-regulated in vivo. Elongation factor EF-G (fusA [mhp083]) (P = 0.002), RNA polymerase beta chain (rpoC [mhp635]) (P = 0.003), adenylate kinase (adk [mhp208]) (P = 0.001), prolyl aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (proS [mhp397]) (P = 0.009), and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (cysS [mhp661]) (P < 0.001) were down-regulated in vivo.

In vitro Selection: A Candidate Approach for Disease Resistance Breeding in Fruit Crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra ◽  
Madhu Kamle ◽  
Anju Bajpai ◽  
M. Muthukumar ◽  
Shahina Kalim
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding

scholarly journals Genome editing for plant disease resistance: applications and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1767) ◽  
pp. 20180322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangquan Yin ◽  
Jin-Long Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Genome Modifications ◽  
Global Food

Diseases severely affect crop yield and quality, thereby threatening global food security. Genetic improvement of plant disease resistance is essential for sustainable agriculture. Genome editing has been revolutionizing plant biology and biotechnology by enabling precise, targeted genome modifications. Editing provides new methods for genetic improvement of plant disease resistance and accelerates resistance breeding. Here, we first summarize the challenges for breeding resistant crops. Next, we focus on applications of genome editing technology in generating plants with resistance to bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of genome editing for breeding crops that present novel disease resistance in the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.

scholarly journals Genetics of Clubroot and Fusarium Wilt Disease Resistance in Brassica Vegetables: The Application of Marker Assisted Breeding for Disease Resistance

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Mehraj ◽  
Ayasha Akter ◽  
Naomi Miyaji ◽  
Junji Miyazaki ◽  
Daniel J. Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Marker Assisted Breeding ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Brassica Vegetables ◽  
Lrr Protein

The genus Brassica contains important vegetable crops, which serve as a source of oil seed, condiments, and forages. However, their production is hampered by various diseases such as clubroot and Fusarium wilt, especially in Brassica vegetables. Soil-borne diseases are difficult to manage by traditional methods. Host resistance is an important tool for minimizing disease and many types of resistance (R) genes have been identified. More than 20 major clubroot (CR) disease-related loci have been identified in Brassica vegetables and several CR-resistant genes have been isolated by map-based cloning. Fusarium wilt resistant genes in Brassica vegetables have also been isolated. These isolated R genes encode the toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rice-repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein. DNA markers that are linked with disease resistance allele have been successfully applied to improve disease resistance through marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this review, we focused on the recent status of identifying clubroot and Fusarium wilt R genes and the feasibility of using MAS for developing disease resistance cultivars in Brassica vegetables.

scholarly journals Divergent Evolution of PcF/SCR74 Effectors in Oomycetes Is Associated with Distinct Recognition Patterns in Solanaceous Plants

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Shumei Wang ◽  
Laura de Rond ◽  
Nicoletta Bertolin ◽  
Roland H. M. Wouters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Wild Potato ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Solanaceous Plants ◽  
Coevolutionary Arms Race

ABSTRACT Plants deploy cell surface receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize non-self molecules from pathogens and microbes to defend against invaders. PRRs typically recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are usually widely conserved, some even across kingdoms. Here, we report an oomycete-specific family of small secreted cysteine-rich (SCR) proteins that displays divergent patterns of sequence variation in the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A subclass that includes the conserved effector PcF from Phytophthora cactorum activates immunity in a wide range of plant species. In contrast, the more diverse SCR74 subclass is specific to P. infestans and tends to trigger immune responses only in a limited number of wild potato genotypes. The SCR74 response was recently mapped to a G-type lectin receptor kinase (G-LecRK) locus in the wild potato Solanum microdontum subsp. gigantophyllum. The G-LecRK locus displays a high diversity in Solanum host species compared to other solanaceous plants. We propose that the diversification of the SCR74 proteins in P. infestans is driven by a fast coevolutionary arms race with cell surface immune receptors in wild potato, which contrasts the presumed slower dynamics between conserved apoplastic effectors and PRRs. Understanding the molecular determinants of plant immune responses to these divergent molecular patterns in oomycetes is expected to contribute to deploying multiple layers of disease resistance in crop plants. IMPORTANCE Immune receptors at the plant cell surface can recognize invading microbes. The perceived microbial molecules are typically widely conserved and therefore the matching surface receptors can detect a broad spectrum of pathogens. Here we describe a family of Phytophthora small extracellular proteins that consists of conserved subfamilies that are widely recognized by solanaceous plants. Remarkably, one subclass of SCR74 proteins is highly diverse, restricted to the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and is specifically detected in wild potato plants. The diversification of this subfamily exhibits signatures of a coevolutionary arms race with surface receptors in potato. Insights into the molecular interaction between these potato-specific receptors and the recognized Phytophthora proteins are expected to contribute to disease resistance breeding in potato.

scholarly journals Advances in Wheat and Pathogen Genomics: Implications for Disease Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Keller ◽  
Thomas Wicker ◽  
Simon G. Krattinger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Made In

The gene pool of wheat and its wild and domesticated relatives contains a plethora of resistance genes that can be exploited to make wheat more resilient to pathogens. Only a few of these genes have been isolated and studied at the molecular level. In recent years, we have seen a shift from classical breeding to genomics-assisted breeding, which makes use of the enormous advancements in DNA sequencing and high-throughput molecular marker technologies for wheat improvement. These genomic advancements have the potential to transform wheat breeding in the near future and to significantly increase the speed and precision at which new cultivars can be bred. This review highlights the genomic improvements that have been made in wheat and its pathogens over the past years and discusses their implications for disease-resistance breeding.

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