scholarly journals Thousands of Qatari genomes inform human migration history and improve imputation of Arab haplotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaimi Mohamad Razali ◽  
Juan Rodriguez-Flores ◽  
Mohammadmersad Ghorbani ◽  
Haroon Naeem ◽  
Waleed Aamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Genotype Imputation ◽  
South American ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
Nomadic Communities

AbstractArab populations are largely understudied, notably their genetic structure and history. Here we present an in-depth analysis of 6,218 whole genomes from Qatar, revealing extensive diversity as well as genetic ancestries representing the main founding Arab genealogical lineages of Qahtanite (Peninsular Arabs) and Adnanite (General Arabs and West Eurasian Arabs). We find that Peninsular Arabs are the closest relatives of ancient hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers from the Levant, and that founder Arab populations experienced multiple splitting events 12–20 kya, consistent with the aridification of Arabia and farming in the Levant, giving rise to settler and nomadic communities. In terms of recent genetic flow, we show that these ancestries contributed significantly to European, South Asian as well as South American populations, likely as a result of Islamic expansion over the past 1400 years. Notably, we characterize a large cohort of men with the ChrY J1a2b haplogroup (n = 1,491), identifying 29 unique sub-haplogroups. Finally, we leverage genotype novelty to build a reference panel of 12,432 haplotypes, demonstrating improved genotype imputation for both rare and common alleles in Arabs and the wider Middle East.

scholarly journals Estimación de la edad de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) a partir de los dientes incisivos: un aporte metodológico para la construcción de perfiles de mortalidad / AGE ESTIMATION OF GUANACO (LAMA GUANICOE) BASED ON INCISOR TEETH: A METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION ...

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Cristian A. Kaufmann ◽  
María Clara Alvarez ◽  
S. Iván Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
South American ◽  
Crown Height ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Lama Guanicoe ◽  
The Past ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
The Relationship

<p>El guanaco fue el principal recurso para los cazadores-recolectores que habitaron las regiones pampeana y patagónica de Argentina. Este ungulado jugó un rol fundamental en las esferas económica, social e ideológica de estas sociedades durante el Holoceno. En este sentido, comprender la relación entre las poblaciones de humanos y guanacos en el pasado es crucial para la zooarquelogía sudamericana. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una metodología que permite estimar la edad relativa de los camélidos a partir del análisis de los dientes incisivos. La muestra se compone de incisivos de 91 guanacos modernos, asignados a diferentes clases de edad. Este análisis incluyó variables cualitativas, tales como el estado de la raíz y de la dentina, así como cuantitativas, como la altura de la corona. Los resultados indican que la combinación de estas variables es un indicador útil para la estimación de la edad en incisivos aislados de guanaco, los cuales son frecuentemente hallados en el registro faunístico.</p><p> </p><p>Palabras clave: Guanaco; Dientes incisivos; Estimación de la edad; Perfil de mortalidad.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>The guanaco was the main resource for hunter-gatherers that inhabited the Pampean and Patagonian regions of Argentina. This ungulate played a fundamental role in the economic, social, and ideological spheres of these societies during the Holocene. In this sense, understanding the relationship between human and guanaco populations in the past is crucial to South American zooarchaeology. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology that allows estimating relative ages of guanaco throughout the analysis of the incisor teeth. The sample is composed of incisors from 91 modern guanacos assigned to different age-classes. This analysis included qualitative variables, such as the root and dentine state, and quantitative ones, such as the crown height. The results show that the combination of these variables is a useful indicator for estimating the age of guanacos in isolated incisors, which are usually found in the faunal record.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Guanaco; Incisor teeth; Age estimation; Mortality profile.</p>

scholarly journals Climatic windows for human migration out of Africa in the past 300,000 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Beyer ◽  
Mario Krapp ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
Andrea Manica
Keyword(s):  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Contact ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Origin Of Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa

AbstractWhilst an African origin of modern humans is well established, the timings and routes of their expansions into Eurasia are the subject of heated debate, due to the scarcity of fossils and the lack of suitably old ancient DNA. Here, we use high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions to estimate how difficult it would have been for humans in terms of rainfall availability to leave the African continent in the past 300k years. We then combine these results with an anthropologically and ecologically motivated estimate of the minimum level of rainfall required by hunter-gatherers to survive, allowing us to reconstruct when, and along which geographic paths, expansions out of Africa would have been climatically feasible. The estimated timings and routes of potential contact with Eurasia are compatible with archaeological and genetic evidence of human expansions out of Africa, highlighting the key role of palaeoclimate variability for modern human dispersals.

scholarly journals Whole genomes reveal severe bottleneck among Asian hunter-gatherers following the invention of agriculture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saikat Chakraborty ◽  
Analabha Basu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Global Population

AbstractThe invention of agriculture (IOA) by anatomically modern humans (AMH) around 10,000 years before present (ybp) is known to have led to an increase in AMH’s carrying capacity and hence its population size. Reconstruction of historical demography using high coverage (~30X) whole genome sequences (WGS) from >700 individuals from different South Asian (SAS) and Southeast Asian (SEA) populations reveals that although several present day populous groups did indeed experience a positive Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT), most hunter-gatherers (HGs) experienced a demographic decrease. Differential fertility between HGs and non-HGs, exposure of HGs to novel pathogens from non-HGs could have resulted in such contrasting patterns. However, we think the most parsimonious explanation of the drastic decrease in population size of HGs is their displacement/enslavement by non-HGs.Significance StatementThe invention of agriculture, around 10000 years ago, facilitated more food production which could feed larger populations. This had far-reaching socio-political and demographic impacts, including a ~10,000 fold increase in global population-size in the last 10,000 years. However, this increase in population size is not a universal truth and present day hunter-gatherer populations, in contrast, have dwindled in size, often drastically. The signatures of this rise in population size are discernible from the genomes of present-day individuals. Using genomic data, we show that for the majority of Asian hunter-gatherers, population-sizes drastically decreased following the invention of agriculture. We argue that a combination of displacement, enslavement and disease resulted in the decimation of hunter-gatherer societies.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Pacchioni
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Radical Transformation

About 10,000 years ago, at the beginning of the agriculturalrevolution, on the whole earth lived between 5 and 8 million hunter-gatherers, all belonging to the Homo sapiens species. Five thousand years later, freed from the primary needs for survival, some belonging to that species enjoyed the privilege of devoting themselves to philosophical speculation and the search for transcendental truths. It was only in the past two hundred years, however, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, that reaping nature’s secrets and answering fundamental questions posed by the Universe have become for many full-time activities, on the way to becoming a real profession. Today the number of scientists across the globe has reached and exceeded 10 million, that is, more than the whole human race 10,000 years ago. If growth continues at the current rate, in 2050 we will have 35 million people committed full-time to scientific research. With what consequences, it remains to be understood. For almost forty years I myself have been concerned with science in a continuing, direct, and passionate way. Today I perceive, along with many colleagues, especially of my generation, that things are evolving and have changed deeply, in ways unimaginable until a few years ago and, in some respects, not without danger. What has happened in the world of science in recent decades is more than likely a mirror of a similar and equally radical transformation taking place in modern society, particularly with the advent ...

Line on Fire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Happymon Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
The Past

The India–Pakistan border in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has witnessed repeated ceasefire violations (CFVs) over the past decade. Indeed, with relations between India and Pakistan degrading, CFVs have gone up exponentially. These CFVs have the potential to not only begin a crisis but also escalate an ongoing one. To make things worse, in the event of major violations, political leadership on either side often engage in high-pitched rhetoric some of which even have nuclear undertones. Using fresh empirical data and oral history evidence, this book explains the causes of CFVs on the J&K border and establishes a relationship between CFVs and crisis escalation between India and Pakistan. In doing so, the book further nuances the existing arguments about the escalatory dynamics between the two South Asian nuclear rivals. Furthermore, the book explains ceasefire violations using the concept of ‘autonomous military factors’.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7939
Author(s):  
Sohani Vihanga Withanage ◽  
Komal Habib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis

The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.

Insulating Peace: Managerial Coordination in Durable Security Complexes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Travlos
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
South American ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
The South ◽  
Mapping Tool ◽  
Region I ◽  
The Face ◽  
Future Evaluation

Abstract I argue that insulation via managerial coordination is a key element in any explanation about the formation of political regions among states. The key role it plays is as a tool for the maintenance of intra-regional pacific relations in the face of diffusion and contagion processes, resulting from continued security linkages with excluded extra-regional states. In order to explore these dynamics, I propose a new reconceptualization of the concept of managerial coordination based on the basic framework concept mapping tool. This leads to clarity about what managerial coordination does as a dimension of insulation. It also necessitates a revamp of the scale of interstate managerial coordination as a measuring instrument of the intensity of collective intentionality toward insulation among the members of a region. I then map the region concept of durable security complex (DSC) as the scope for the enactment of managerial coordination, based on a review of existing region concepts in the new regionalist literature. I then conduct an ideographic proof-of-concept exercise on three DSCs in the presence or absence of managerial coordination. These are the Scandinavian states, the South Asian regional security complex, and the South American Norther Tier local hierarchy. The exercise provides indicators for a number of theoretical propositions worthy of future evaluation.

2,2-Dialkylacetic Acids -A New Class of Naturally Occurring Lipid Constituents

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gottfried Raab ◽  
Jürgen Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Relative Retention Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
South American ◽  
Time Data ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Retention ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract The uropygial gland waxes of the South American red-legged Seriema (Cariama cristata (L., 1766)) were found to be composed of unbranched alcohols and 2,2′-dialkyl-substituted acetic acids which so far have not been found in skin lipids. When used as a chemosystematic character, the occurrence of this lipid class separates the order Cariamiformes (Seriemas) from all other avian orders hitherto investigated, especially from the Gruiformes (cranes and rails) to which they have been tentatively attributed in the past. From the GC retention time data now available for a series of 2-alkyl-substituted fatty acid methyl esters relative retention time indices for other compounds may be predicted.

scholarly journals Security assurance cases—state of the art of an emerging approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Mohamad ◽  
Jan-Philipp Steghöfer ◽  
Riccardo Scandariato
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Tool Support ◽  
Security Assurance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Structured Argumentation ◽  
Security Properties ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Assurance Cases ◽  
Security Standards

AbstractSecurity Assurance Cases (SAC) are a form of structured argumentation used to reason about the security properties of a system. After the successful adoption of assurance cases for safety, SAC are getting significant traction in recent years, especially in safety-critical industries (e.g., automotive), where there is an increasing pressure to be compliant with several security standards and regulations. Accordingly, research in the field of SAC has flourished in the past decade, with different approaches being investigated. In an effort to systematize this active field of research, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of the existing academic studies on SAC. Our review resulted in an in-depth analysis and comparison of 51 papers. Our results indicate that, while there are numerous papers discussing the importance of SAC and their usage scenarios, the literature is still immature with respect to concrete support for practitioners on how to build and maintain a SAC. More importantly, even though some methodologies are available, their validation and tool support is still lacking.

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