scholarly journals High Impact Exercise Improves Bone Microstructure and Strength in Growing Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Mustafy ◽  
Irène Londono ◽  
Florina Moldovan ◽  
Isabelle Villemure
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Proliferative Zone ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Physical activity is beneficial for skeletal development. However, impact sports during adolescence, leading to bone growth retardation and/or bone quality improvement, remains unexplained. This study investigated the effects of in vivo low (LI), medium (MI), and high (HI) impact loadings applied during puberty on bone growth, morphometry and biomechanics using a rat model. 4-week old rats (n = 30) were divided into control, sham, LI, MI, and HI groups. The impact was applied on the right tibiae, 5 days/week for 8 weeks mimicking walking (450 µε), uphill running (850 µε) and jumping (1250 µε) conditions. Trabecular and cortical parameters were determined by micro-CT, bone growth rate by calcein labeling and toluidine blue staining followed by histomorphometry. Bio-mechanical properties were evaluated from bending tests. HI group reduced rat body weight and food consumption compared to shams. Bone growth rate also decreased in MI and HI groups despite developing thicker hypertrophic and proliferative zone heights. HI group showed significant increment in bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, cortical and total surface area. Ultimate load and stiffness were also increased in MI and HI groups. We conclude that impact loading during adolescence reduces bone growth moderately but improves bone quality and biomechanics at the end of the growing period.

Keel-bone fractures are associated with bone quality differences in laying hens

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
HD Wei ◽  
YJ Chen ◽  
XY Zeng ◽  
YJ Bi ◽  
YN Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Quality ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Surface ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Trap Activity

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone quality in terms of metabolism, homeostasis of elements, bone mineral density (BMD), and microstructure and keel-bone fractures in laying hens (Gallusgallusdomesticus). One hundred and twenty 17 week old Lohmann White laying hens with normal keel bones were individually housed in furnished cages for 25 weeks. Birds were then euthanased and dissected to assess keel-bone status at 42 weeks. Serum and keel-bone samples from normal keel (NK) and fractured keel (FK) hens were collected to determine the previously mentioned bone quality parameters. The results showed FK hens to have higher levels of the components of osteocalcin, greater alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and keel bones, and greater tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in keel bones, compared to NK hens. Additionally, FK hens also had higher concentrations of Li, B, K, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Hg, and Pb, but lower concentrations of Na, P, and Ca. Moreover, FK hens showed decreased bone microstructural parameters including bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, degree of anisotropy, connectivity density, and BMD, but increased trabecular separation. Meanwhile, no differences were detected in serum TRAP activity, trabecular thickness, bone surface, or bone surface/bone volume. Results showed laying hens with keel-bone fractures to have differences in bone metabolism, elements of homeostasis, bone microstructure parameters, and BMD. These results suggest that keel-bone fractures may be associated with bone quality.

scholarly journals Effect of Allium fistulosum Extracts on the Stimulation of Longitudinal Bone Growth in Animal Modeling Diet-Induced Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 7786
Author(s):  
Jin Ah Ryuk ◽  
Hye Jin Kim ◽  
Joo Tae Hwang ◽  
Byoung Seob Ko
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Growth Plate ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Allium Fistulosum ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Mg63 Cells ◽  
Alkaline Phosphate

Allium fistulosum is a perennial plant species grown worldwide belonging to the family Liliaceae. In Korean medicine, it is referred to as Chongbaek (CB), and it is prescribed for symptoms associated with the common cold due to its antipyretic properties. This study examined the effects of aqueous (CBW) and 30% ethanol (CBE) extracts on bone growth using a calcium- and vitamin D-deficient animal model. In an in vitro experiment, the alkaline phosphate activities of the extracts were examined using MC3T3-E1 and MG63 cells, and both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts had significant alkaline phosphate activities. In vivo, a serum analysis indicated that the CB extracts promoted bone growth based on the osteogenic markers ALP, calcium, osteocalcin, and collagen type 1 and increased the bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and growth plate length. Overall, our results indicate that both CBW and CBE of A. fistulosum can be utilized to facilitate bone growth and increase BMD in children and adolescents by lengthening the growth plate without adverse side effects, such as metabolic disorders or the release of obesity-inducing hormones.

Erk1 Plays Critical Role in Macrophage Development

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 517-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongzheng He ◽  
Karl Staser ◽  
Steven D Rhodes ◽  
Xiaohua Wu ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Macrophage Differentiation ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 517 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1 and 2) are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in multiple cell lineages, including T cells, B cells and osteoblasts. Macrophages are capable of differentiating into osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Abnormal osteoclast development and functions underlie certain diseases, especially skeletal defects. Altered ERK1/2 signaling has been found in several genetic diseases with skeletal phenotypes, including Noonan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and serious developmental disorders such as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. These clinical findings suggest the importance of the ERK MAPK pathway in human skeletal development. In the present study, we examined the consequence of Erk1 and Erk2 disruption in modulating macrophage development in the murine system. We found that deletion of Erk1 reduced macrophage progenitor numbers. Erk1−/− bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) had significant reduction in osteoclast formation as compared to wildtype BMMNCs. In addition, Erk1−/− macrophages; the osteoclast progenitors, had a two-three fold reduction in migration and a two-fold reduction in αv ß3 mediated adhesion as compared to WT macrophages as evaluated by transwell and adhesion assay, respectively. These in vitro data demonstrate that Erk1 positively regulates macrophage differentiation into osteoclasts. To evaluate the impact of deficiency of Erk1 in vivo, we examined bone mineral density and trabecular microarchitecture in the distal femoral metaphysis by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with a Lunar Piximus densitometer and a high-resolution desktop microcomputed tomography imaging system (μCT-20; Scanco Medical AG, Basserdorf, Switzerland), respectively. Erk1−/− mice displayed elevated bone mineral density and increased trabecular bone formation as compared to WT mice. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that the Erk1−/− femur had significant reduction in osteoclast numbers as determined by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining, an osteoclast specific staining, as compared to femur of wildtype and Erk2−/− mice. Most importantly, Erk1−/− plasma had reduced C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, indicating less bone resorption in vivo. These data suggest that the impaired macrophage differentiation and osteoclast bone resorptive activity play an important role in increased bone mass in Erk1−/− mice. Finally, to verify that the macrophage-osteoclast lineage is a key cell lineage for the phenotypic changes in vivo in Erk1−/− mice, we performed bone marrow transplantation. WT mice reconstituted long-term with Erk1−/− hematopoietic stem cells demonstrated increased bone mineral density as compared to WT and Erk2−/− stem cell recipients, implicating marrow autonomous, Erk1-dependent macrophage differentiation and osteoclast bioactivity in vivo. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate isoform-specific Erk function in macrophage while providing rationale for the development of a specific inhibitor for Erk1 that might be used for the treatment of dysplastic and erosive bone diseases. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances bone tumor growth in mice in an osteoclast-dependent manner

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 3424-3431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela C. Hirbe ◽  
Özge Uluçkan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Morgan ◽  
Mark C. Eagleton ◽  
Julie L. Prior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Bone Tumor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Abstract Inhibition of osteoclast (OC) activity has been associated with decreased tumor growth in bone in animal models. Increased recognition of factors that promote osteoclastic bone resorption in cancer patients led us to investigate whether increased OC activation could enhance tumor growth in bone. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used to treat chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, but is also associated with increased markers of OC activity and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). We used G-CSF as a tool to investigate the impact of increased OC activity on tumor growth in 2 murine osteolytic tumor models. An 8-day course of G-CSF alone (without chemotherapy) significantly decreased BMD and increased OC perimeter along bone in mice. Mice administered G-CSF alone demonstrated significantly increased tumor growth in bone as quantitated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging and histologic bone marrow tumor analysis. Short-term administration of AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor that mobilizes neutrophils with little effect on bone resorption, did not lead to increased tumor burden. However, OC-defective osteoprotegerin transgenic (OPGTg) mice and bisphosphonate-treated mice were resistant to the effects of G-CSF administration upon bone tumor growth. These data demonstrate a G-CSF–induced stimulation of tumor growth in bone that is OC dependent.

scholarly journals Ultrasounds could be considered as a future tool for probing growing bone properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Lefevre ◽  
Cécile Baron ◽  
Evelyne Gineyts ◽  
Yohann Bala ◽  
Hakim Gharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Quality ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Stiffness Coefficients ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Microstructure Parameters ◽  
Adult Bone

Abstract Juvenile bone growth is well described (physiological and anatomical) but there are still lacks of knowledge on intrinsic material properties. Our group has already published, on different samples, several studies on the assessment of intrinsic material properties of juvenile bone compared to material properties of adult bone. The purpose of this study was finally to combine different experimental modalities available (ultrasonic measurement, micro-Computed Tomography analysis, mechanical compression tests and biochemical measurements) applied on small cubic bone samples in order to gain insight into the multiparametric evaluation of bone quality. Differences were found between juvenile and adult groups in term of architectural parameters (Porosity Separation), Tissue Mineral Density (TMD), diagonal stiffness coefficients (C33, C44, C55, C66) and ratio between immature and mature cross-links (CX). Diagonal stiffness coefficients are more representative of the microstructural and biochemical parameters of child bone than of adult bone. We also found that compression modulus E was highly correlated with several microstructure parameters and CX in children group while it was not at all correlated in the adult group. Similar results were found for the CX which was linked to several microstructure parameters (TMD and E) only in the juvenile group. To our knowledge, this is the first time that, on a same sample, ultrasonic measurements have been combined with the assessment of mechanical and biochemical properties. It appears that ultrasonic measurements can provide relevant indicators of child bone quality (microstructural and biochemical parameters) which is promising for clinical application since, B-mode ultrasound is the preferred first-line modality over other more constraining imaging modalities (radiation, parent–child accessibility and access to the patient's bed) for pediatric patients.

scholarly journals In vivo quantitative imaging biomarkers of bone quality and mineral density using multi-band-SWIFT magnetic resonance imaging

Bone ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 115615
Author(s):  
Rachel K. Surowiec ◽  
Sundaresh Ram ◽  
Djaudat Idiyatullin ◽  
Robert Goulet ◽  
Stephen H. Schlecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Multi Band

scholarly journals Swimming Activity Prevents the Unloading Induced Loss of Bone Mass, Architecture, and Strength in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício J. Falcai ◽  
Ariane Zamarioli ◽  
Graziela Bianchi Leoni ◽  
Manoel Damião de Sousa Neto ◽  
Jose B. Volpon
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness

We investigated whether swimming activity associated with a three-week period of hypoactivity could prevent the deleterious effects of disuse on the tibias of tail-suspended rats. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (HS) permanently hindlimb suspension rats; (HS + Swim) rats submitted to unloading interrupted by swimming exercise; (HS + WB) hindlimb suspension rats with interruption for regular weight bearing for the same length of time as the HS+Swim rats; (Control) control rats that were allowed regular cage activities; and (Control + Swim) control rats that underwent swimming exercise. At the end of the experiment, bone mineral density, bone strength, and trabecular quantification were analyzed. The hindlimb-suspended rats exhibited bone quality loss (significant decrease in BMD, bone strength, and deterioration of trabecular and cortical bone architecture; decrease in BV/TV, TbN, TbTh, ConnD, CtV, and CtTh; and increase in TbSp) when compared to control rats. In contrast, trained rats showed a significant increase of 43% in bone mass, 29% in bone strength, 58% in trabecular thickness, 85% in bone volume, 27% in trabeculae number, and 30% in cortical volume, when compared to the hindlimb-suspended rats. We conclude that swimming activity not only ameliorates but also fully prevents the deleterious effects on bone quality in osteopenic rats.

Dexamethasone acts locally to inhibit longitudinal bone growth in rabbits

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. E489-E492 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baron ◽  
Z. Huang ◽  
K. E. Oerter ◽  
J. D. Bacher ◽  
G. B. Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Plate ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Potent Inhibition ◽  
Dexamethasone Phosphate ◽  
Tibial Growth Plate

Excess glucocorticoid is a potent inhibitor of epiphysial growth. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain this growth inhibition, including both direct local effects of glucocorticoid on the epiphysial growth plate and indirect systemic effects. Previous studies do not distinguish which of these proposed mechanisms is actually responsible for the growth suppression in vivo. To resolve this controversy, we developed a method for delivering glucocorticoid directly into the rabbit epiphysial growth plate and for accurately measuring the resulting epiphysial growth rate. Five-week-old male rabbits received a local infusion of dexamethasone phosphate (80 ng/microliters, 1 microliters/h) into one proximal tibial growth plate and an infusion of vehicle into the contralateral growth plate. Growth rate was determined by inserting metal pins into the bone immediately adjacent to the growth plate and measuring the change in distance between pins on serial radiographs. This method permitted growth rates to be measured over intervals as short as 3 days, with an error of approximately 5%. Local dexamethasone administration decreased proximal tibial growth rate by 77% compared with the contralateral vehicle-treated tibia (P less than 0.0001). We conclude that excess glucocorticoid causes a rapid potent inhibition of growth by a direct local action on the growth plate.

scholarly journals A novel surgical model for the preclinical assessment of the osseointegration of dental implants: a surgical protocol and pilot study results

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noura M. AlOtaibi ◽  
Michael Dunne ◽  
Ashraf F. Ayoub ◽  
Kurt B. Naudi
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Dental implants are considered the gold standard replacement for missing natural teeth. The successful clinical performance of dental implants is due to their ability to osseointegrate with the surrounding bone. Most dental implants are manufactured from Titanium and it alloys. Titanium does however have some shortcomings so alternative materials are frequently being investigated. Effective preclinical studies are essential to transfer the innovations from the benchtop to the patients. Many preclinical studies are carried out in the extra-oral bones of small animal models to assess the osseointegration of the newly developed materials. This does not simulate the oral environment where the dental implants are subjected to several factors that influence osseointegration; therefore, they can have limited clinical value. Aim This study aimed to develop an appropriate in-vivo model for dental implant research that mimic the clinical setting. The study evaluated the applicability of the new model and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure on animal welfare. Materials and methods The model was developed in male New Zealand white rabbits. The implants were inserted in the extraction sockets of the secondary incisors in the maxilla. The model allows a split-mouth comparative analysis. The implants’ osseointegration was assessed clinically, radiographically using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), and histologically. A randomised, controlled split-mouth design was conducted in 6 rabbits. A total of twelve implants were inserted. In each rabbit, two implants; one experimental implant on one side, and one control implant on the other side were applied. Screw-shaped implants were used with a length of 8 mm and a diameter of 2 mm. Results All the rabbits tolerated the surgical procedure well. The osseointegration was confirmed clinically, histologically and radiographically. Quantitative assessment of bone volume and mineral density was measured in the peri-implant bone tissues. The findings suggest that the new preclinical model is excellent, facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of osseointegration of dental implants in translational research pertaining to the human application. Conclusion The presented model proved to be safe, reproducible and required basic surgical skills to perform.

Variation in Bone Quality during Regenerative Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 675-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Nakano ◽  
Takuya Ishimoto ◽  
Yukichi Umakoshi ◽  
Yasuhiko Tabata
Keyword(s):  
Bone Quality ◽  
Regenerative Process ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Engineering Technique ◽  
Biological Apatite ◽  
Tissue Engineering Technique ◽  
Preferential Alignment

Since preferential orientation of c-axis of biological apatite (BAp) crystallites depends strongly on the shape of hard tissue, closely relating to the in vivo stress distribution, it is a useful parameter to judge the bone quality. In this study, preferential alignment of BAp crystallites in original and regenerated hard tissues were analyzed by the micro-beam X-ray diffractometer (μ-XRD) with a beam spot of 50 or 100 μm in diameter. Regenerating processes of bone defects introduced artificially in the rabbit ulna or skull were healed by inserting a biodegradable gelatin hydrogel incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Recovery of BAp orientation alignment depends strongly on the regenerated portion and period, which is insufficient to recover the original level, while bone mineral density (BMD) is almost improved to the original level. This means that BMD recovers prior to improvement of the BAp orientation and the related mechanical function in the regenerated tissues. Thus, reloading on the regenerated portion caused by BMD restoration is suggested to accelerate to produce the appropriate BAp preferential alignment due to the remodeling process. The BAp orientation was finally concluded to be one of the most important indices to check the regenerative degree and process in the regenerated bone under the tissue engineering technique.

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