scholarly journals How different effectors and action effects modulate the formation of separate motor memories

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Schween ◽  
Lisa Langsdorf ◽  
Jordan A. Taylor ◽  
Mathias Hegele
Keyword(s):  
Control Experiment ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Visual Tool ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformations ◽  
Visual Identity ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Sensory Prediction

AbstractHumans can operate a variety of modern tools, which are often associated with different visuomotor transformations. Studies investigating this ability have shown that separate motor memories can be acquired implicitly when different sensorimotor transformations are associated with distinct (intended) postures or explicitly when abstract contextual cues are leveraged by aiming strategies. It still remains unclear how different transformations are remembered implicitly when postures are similar. We investigated whether features of planning to manipulate a visual tool, such as its visual identity or the environmental effect intended by its use (i.e. action effect) would enable implicit learning of opposing visuomotor rotations. Results show that neither contextual cue led to distinct implicit motor memories, but that cues only affected implicit adaptation indirectly through generalization around explicit strategies. In contrast, a control experiment where participants practiced opposing transformations with different hands did result in contextualized aftereffects differing between hands across generalization targets. It appears that different (intended) body states are necessary for separate aftereffects to emerge, suggesting that the role of sensory prediction error-based adaptation may be limited to the recalibration of a body model, whereas establishing separate tool models may proceed along a different route.

scholarly journals Of hands, tools, and exploding dots: How different action states and effects separate visuomotor memories

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Schween ◽  
Lisa Langsdorf ◽  
Jordan A Taylor ◽  
Mathias Hegele
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Visual Tool ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Visual Identity ◽  
Contextual Associations ◽  
Intended Effect

AbstractHumans can operate a variety of modern tools, which are often associated with different visuomotor transformations. Studies investigating this ability have repeatedly found that the simultaneous acquisition of different transformations appears inextricably tied to distinct states associated with movement, such as different postures or action plans, whereas abstract contextual associations can be leveraged by explicit aiming strategies. It still remains unclear how different transformations are remembered implicitly when target postures are similar. We investigated if features of planning to manipulate a visual tool, such as its visual identity or the intended effect enable implicit learning of opposing visuomotor rotations. Both cues only affected implicit aftereffects indirectly through generalization around explicit strategies. In contrast, practicing transformations with different hands resulted in separate aftereffects. It appears that different (intended) body states are necessary to separate aftereffects, supporting the idea that underlying implicit adaptation is limited to the recalibration of a body model.

scholarly journals DESIGN AUDIT: VISUAL IDENTITY OF HET HUISJE CAFE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Gredi Gradana Sembada ◽  
Chandra Renaldi
Keyword(s):  
Total Revenue ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Business People ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
Strategy Process ◽  
Visual Identity ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Observation Instruments ◽  
Promotional Strategies

The cafe business continues to experience significant developments, cafes being a favorite location to gather as part of the community's lifestyle. Currently there are more than ten thousand cafes in all corners of the country. In the 2013-2018 edition, the total revenue of the cafe sector is predicted to increase from USD 3.4 billion to USD 4.16 billion.The lifestyles of urban societies socializing in cafes are made a profit-making opportunity for business people by creating cafes with unique concepts. One of them is Het Huisje cafe. The cafe, which was established in early 2016, is located on Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim no. 9A, Pancoran Mas, Depok. the profit earned by Het Huisje cafe is static, in one month only a 10% increase in profit. Branding activities took the role of the case. The Het Huisje cafe logo that is not yet strongly illustrates the concept of its business. Visual Audit Results from pre-research Designs Audit, Het Huisje cafe logos do not meet the criteria of a good logo. The first phase of the study focused on visual audit on the logo. Methods of data collection using field observation instruments, interviews and questionnaires. Analysis using Design Audit matrix.The results of analysis in addition to being input for the design of promotional strategies are also used as input for the preparation of the design strategy process. The benefits of this research can be considered in making business decisions related to the field of design, so that the resulting design output is judged not only aesthetically, but also can be seen as a strategic step in achieving business goals

Reward Dominance in Tax-Reporting Experiments: The Role of Context

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha L. Wartick ◽  
Silvia A. Madeo ◽  
Cynthia C. Vines
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Real World ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
The Impact

During the past decade, the experimental economics method increasingly has been used to study the impact of tax policy on taxpayer behavior. Experimental economics in taxation typically tests tax applications of expected utility and psychological theory by creating a real microeconomy in the laboratory. A key requirement is strict control over the parameters of the experimental setting and subject preferences. One generally accepted procedure to achieve experimental control is to avoid references to real-world phenomena in instructions to subjects. The reasoning underlying this procedure is that if subjects associate the experiment with real-world phenomena, they may make decisions based on values associated with the real-world context instead of the rewards and penalties of the microeconomy. Despite this, several recent tax-reporting experiments that otherwise conform to the experimental economics method have used explicit tax terminology. In discussing the results of these experiments, the authors and commentators stated that the results probably were not affected by the tax context. We conducted an experiment to further examine whether the results of a tax-reporting experiment were affected by context. We found that subjects reported significantly more income when the context of the experiment was tax than when the context was nontax. This effect differed, however, depending on the age of the subjects. While subjects 25 years of age and older reported approximately twice as much income in the tax context as they did in the nontax context, subjects under 25 reported only slightly more in the tax context than in the nontax context. These results provide evidence that role playing based on individual subject characteristics occurred when contextual cues were provided.

Ocular Responses to Head Rotations During Mirror Viewing

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 2323-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanning Han ◽  
Jeffrey T. Somers ◽  
Jae I. Kim ◽  
Arun N. Kumar ◽  
R. John Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Motion Vision ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Vestibular Response ◽  
Geometric Relationship ◽  
Head Rotations

The gain of the human vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is influenced by the proximity of the object of regard. In six human subjects, we measured the eye rotations induced by passive, sinusoidal, horizontal head rotations at 2.0 Hz during binocular fixation of a stationary far target at 7 m; a stationary target close to the subject's near point of fixation (<15 cm); and the bridge of the subject's own nose, viewed through a mirror positioned so that, for each subject, the angle of vergence was similar to that during viewing of the near target. The median gain of compensatory eye movements for the group of subjects during far viewing was 0.99 (range 0.80–1.04), during near viewing was 1.21 (range 0.88–1.47), and during mirror viewing was 0.85 (range 0.71–1.01). The gain during near and mirror viewing was significantly different for each subject ( P < 0.001) even though the vergence angles were similar. The lower gain values during mirror viewing can be attributed to the geometric relationship between the head rotation, the position of the eyes in the head, and the movement of the subject's virtual image in the mirror. To determine whether visually mediated eye movements were responsible for the observed gain values, we conducted a control experiment in which subjects were rotated using a sum-of-sines stimulus that minimized the effects of predictive visual tracking; differences of gain values between near- and mirror-viewing conditions were similar to those during rotation at 2 Hz. We conclude that, in these experiments, target proximity and vergence angle were not the key determinants of gain of the visuo-vestibular response during head rotation while viewing a near target but that contextual cues from motion vision were more important in generating the appropriate response.

scholarly journals Role of the somatosensory cortex in motor memory consolidation

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-651
Author(s):  
Manasi Wali
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Implicit Motor Learning ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Plos Biol

Motor memories become resistant to interference by the process of consolidation, which leads to long-term retention. Studies have shown involvement of the somatosensory cortex in motor learning-related plasticity, but not directly in motor memory consolidation. This Neuro Forum article reviews evidence from a continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) study by Kumar and colleagues (Kumar N, Manning TF, Ostry DJ. PLoS Biol 17: e3000469, 2019) that demonstrates the role of somatosensory, rather than motor, cortex in human motor memory consolidation during implicit motor learning.

DINEUTRON CORRELATION IN THE GROUND STATE AND E1 EXCITATIONS OF BORROMEAN NUCLEI

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (21n23) ◽  
pp. 1842-1845
Author(s):  
K. HAGINO ◽  
H. SAGAWA ◽  
T. OISHI
Keyword(s):  
Contact Interaction ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Weakly Bound ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Dipole Excitation ◽  
Ground State Properties ◽  
Three Body

Using a three-body model with density-dependent contact interaction, we discuss the role of dineutron correlation in the ground state properties as well as in the dipole excitation of typical weakly-bound Borromean nuclei, 11 Li and 6 He . We show that, while both the nuclei manifest themselves similar strong dineutron correlations to each other in the ground state, the energy distributions for the two emitted neutrons from the dipole excitation are considerably different. We also discuss briefly the diproton correlation in a proton-rich Borromean nucleus, 17 Ne .

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